{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:40:02Z","timestamp":1761738002723,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D supplementation may influence oxidative stress, but evidence in populations following specific dietary patterns is limited. Methods: In this non-randomized, two-group exploratory study, 50 Orthodox nuns received vitamin D supplementation (2000 IU\/day orally) for 16 weeks, whereas 50 age-matched women following time-restricted eating (TRE) served as controls receiving no supplementation. Anthropometric parameters, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and oxidative stress markers\u2014total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances\u2014were measured at baseline and post-intervention. Results: At baseline, both groups were comparable in anthropometric and oxidative stress markers, except for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], which was lower in the intervention group. Following supplementation, serum 25(OH)D increased from 15.77 \u00b1 5.21 to 31.24 \u00b1 7.87 ng\/mL (p = 0.031) in Orthodox nuns. No significant changes were observed for TAC (0.93 \u00b1 0.11 to 0.97 \u00b1 0.09, p = 0.081) and GSH (6.01 \u00b1 1.55 to 5.81 \u00b1 1.41, p = 0.069), whereas TBARS decreased significantly (7.32 \u00b1 1.31 to 6.94 \u00b1 1.21, p = 0.041). No significant changes were observed in controls under TRE. Changes (\u0394) in all variables represented the post\u2013pre difference over the 16-week period. Pearson correlations showed no significant associations between \u039425(OH)D and \u0394TAC (r = \u22120.244, p = 0.346), \u0394GSH (r = 0.110, p = 0.675), or \u0394TBARS (r = \u22120.116, p = 0.657). In multivariable regression adjusted for age, weight, body fat percentage, and baseline 25(OH)D, \u039425(OH)D was not an independent predictor of oxidative stress marker changes; however, weight (\u03b2 = 0.08, p = 0.011) and body fat percentage (\u03b2 = \u22120.13, p = 0.014) were associated with reductions in TBARS. Conclusions: In conclusion, sixteen weeks of vitamin D supplementation in women adhering to Orthodox fasting produced no consistent improvements in oxidative stress markers. While a small reduction in TBARS was observed, this effect was modest and appeared indirect, being more closely associated with decreases in body weight and fat mass than with vitamin D status itself. Taken together, our findings indicate an overall neutral impact of vitamin D on redox balance, suggesting that any antioxidant benefit is likely secondary to metabolic or adiposity-related changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:02:01Z","timestamp":1761670921000},"page":"3389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Women Following Religious or Intermittent Fasting Patterns"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4225-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon N.","family":"Karras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5576-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Michalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Practice, Department of Obesity and Metabolism, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kypraiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assisting Nature Centre of Reproduction and Genetics, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5804-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Anemoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Vlastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tzimagiorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Costas","family":"Haitoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9588-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotios","family":"Tekos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-4925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoi","family":"Skaperda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Periklis","family":"Vardakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neoklis","family":"Georgopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelos G.","family":"Papanikolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assisting Nature Centre of Reproduction and Genetics, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Demetrios","family":"Kouretas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assisting Nature Centre of Reproduction and Genetics, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-018-2231-z","article-title":"Physiological regulation of phosphate by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phosphate (Pi)","volume":"471","author":"Jacquillet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pflug. 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