{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:01:20Z","timestamp":1785538880469,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity, which collectively increase the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modification represents the first-line strategy in its management, whereas pharmacological interventions are complex and typically require long-term polypharmacotherapy. In this context, natural bioactive compounds with pleiotropic effects are gaining increasing attention. Among these, S-allyl cysteine (SAC), the major sulfur-containing compound derived from black garlic, has been identified as a promising candidate due to its well-documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: This narrative review examines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MetS and summarizes current evidence on the protective role of SAC against key pathological features of this condition, including oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose and lipid dysmetabolism, endothelial dysfunction, and gut microbiota alterations. Results: Preclinical studies indicate that SAC counteracts lipid accumulation, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and gut dysbiosis through multiple mechanisms, including hydrogen sulfide release, reactive oxygen species scavenging, inhibition of advanced glycation end products, and modulation of metabolic pathways. Conclusions: SAC emerges as a promising nutraceutical for the prevention and management of MetS and its complications. This underscores the broader relevance of nutraceuticals as promising tools in mitigating metabolic dysfunctions and reducing the burden of cardiometabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"3394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tracing the Path from Obesity to Diabetes: How S-Allyl Cysteine Shapes Metabolic Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8082-0284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Geddo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Antoniotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1385-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Querio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0382-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahed, G., Aoun, L., Zerdan, M.B., Allam, S., Zerdan, M.B., Bouferraa, Y., and Assi, H.I. (2022). Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020786"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"36","author":"McCracken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1753944717711379","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Management, and Modulation by Natural Compounds","volume":"11","author":"Rochlani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, A., Cao, S.-Y., Xu, X.-Y., Gan, R.-Y., Tang, G.-Y., Corke, H., Mavumengwana, V., and Li, H.-B. (2019). Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8070246"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2015.06.011","article-title":"On the Antioxidant, Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of S-Allyl Cysteine: An Update","volume":"89","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0812-z","article-title":"The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Saklayen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30054-X","article-title":"Trends in Adult Body-Mass Index in 200 Countries from 1975 to 2014: A Pooled Analysis of 1698 Population-Based Measurement Studies with 19\u00b72 Million Participants","volume":"387","author":"Bentham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-024-03051-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"477","author":"Pigeot","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8","article-title":"Worldwide Trends in Diabetes since 1980: A Pooled Analysis of 751 Population-Based Studies with 4\u00b74 Million Participants","volume":"387","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safiri, S., Karamzad, N., Kaufman, J.S., Bell, A.W., Nejadghaderi, S.A., Sullman, M.J.M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Collins, G., and Kolahi, A.A. (2022). Prevalence, Deaths and Disability-Adjusted-Life-Years (DALYs) Due to Type 2 Diabetes and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132019: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.838027"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2022.109924","article-title":"Geographic Distribution of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components in the General Adult Population: A Meta-Analysis of Global Data from 28 Million Individuals","volume":"188","author":"Noubiap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","article-title":"Visceral and Ectopic Fat, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiometabolic Disease: A Position Statement","volume":"7","author":"Neeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7","article-title":"Waist Circumference as a Vital Sign in Clinical Practice: A Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0230-6","article-title":"The Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissues in Health and Cardiometabolic Disease","volume":"15","author":"Scheja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156970","article-title":"The Correlation between Obesity and Leptin Signaling Pathways","volume":"192","author":"Shehab","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R9","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-12-0025","article-title":"Role of Leptin in the Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell: Effects and Signaling Pathways","volume":"49","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2013-0053","article-title":"The Role of Leptin\/Adiponectin Ratio in Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes","volume":"18","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achari, A.E., and Jain, S.K. (2017). Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.W., and Shin, D. (2020). Prospective Associations of Serum Adiponectin, Leptin, and Leptin-Adiponectin Ratio with Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093287"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation as a Link between Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Esser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289645","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/289645","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"2010","author":"Monteiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00063.2017","article-title":"Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance","volume":"98","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin Resistance: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01073-0","article-title":"Trends in Insulin Resistance: Insights into Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e14607","article-title":"Mechanisms of Muscle Insulin Resistance and the Cross-Talk with Liver and Adipose Tissue","volume":"8","author":"Nayak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T.K.C., Dao, X.D., Nguyen, D.V., Luu, D.H., Bui, T.M.H., Le, T.H., Nguyen, H.T., Le, T.N., Hosaka, T., and Nguyen, T.T.T. (2023). Insulin Signaling and Its Application. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1226655"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00127-X","article-title":"Managing Insulin Resistance: The Forgotten Pathophysiological Component of Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Maffei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(63)91500-9","article-title":"The glucose fatty-acid cycle its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus","volume":"281","author":"Randle","year":"1963","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154892","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Insulin Sensitizing Agents","volume":"125","author":"Mastrototaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102581","article-title":"Challenges in the Diagnosis of Insulin Resistance: Focusing on the Role of HOMA-IR and Tryglyceride\/Glucose Index","volume":"16","author":"Tahapary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-022-00542-5","article-title":"HOMA-IR as a Predictor of Health Outcomes in Patients with Metabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Solis","year":"2022","journal-title":"High Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13815","article-title":"Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide: The Gasotransmitter Paradigm of the Vascular System","volume":"174","author":"Cirino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2009.08.006","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence, Pathogenesis and Management","volume":"20","author":"Tziomalos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, D., Shruthi, N.R., Banerjee, A., Jothimani, G., Duttaroy, A.K., and Pathak, S. (2023). Endothelial Dysfunction, Platelet Hyperactivity, Hypertension, and the Metabolic Syndrome: Molecular Insights and Combating Strategies. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1221438"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.05.005","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species in Endothelial Dysfunction Associated with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"100","author":"Incalza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-21-3","article-title":"Shear-Induced Endothelial Mechanotransduction: The Interplay between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Nitric Oxide (NO) and the Pathophysiological Implications","volume":"21","author":"Hsieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.138305","article-title":"Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Uncoupling and Perivascular Adipose Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Contribute to Vascular Dysfunction in a Rodent Model of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Marchesi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smimmo, M., Casale, V., Casillo, G.M., Mitidieri, E., d\u2019Emmanuele Di Villa Bianca, R., Bello, I., Schettino, A., Montanaro, R., Brancaleone, V., and Indolfi, C. (2024). Hydrogen Sulfide Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Vascular Complications Involves cGMP Regulation through Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Persulfidation. Biomed. Pharmacother., 174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116466"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacanyiova, S., Golas, S., Zemancikova, A., Majzunova, M., Cebova, M., Malinska, H., H\u00fcttl, M., Markova, I., and Berenyiova, A. (2021). The Vasoactive Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue and the Sulfide Signaling Pathway in a Nonobese Model of Metabolic Syndrome. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11010108"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-021-05243-y","article-title":"Role of H2S in Regulation of Vascular Tone in Metabolic Disorders","volume":"171","author":"Birulina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae499","article-title":"Exploring the Gut Microbiota: Key Insights Into Its Role in Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"109","author":"Gagnon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae157","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Disorders and Metabolic Syndrome: Tales of a Crosstalk Process","volume":"83","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An Insight into Gut Microbiota and Its Functionalities","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2022.0104","article-title":"Functions of Gut Microbiota Metabolites, Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01183-8","article-title":"Microbiome Connections with Host Metabolism and Habitual Diet from 1,098 Deeply Phenotyped Individuals","volume":"27","author":"Asnicar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pott, A., Hiane, P., Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malesza, I.J., Malesza, M., Walkowiak, J., Mussin, N., Walkowiak, D., Aringazina, R., Bartkowiak-Wieczorek, J., and Adry, E.M. (2021). High-Fat, Western-Style Diet, Systemic Inflammation, and Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113164"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451800079X","article-title":"A Western Dietary Pattern Is Prospectively Associated with Cardio-Metabolic Traits and Incidence of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Drake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seral-Cortes, M., Larruy-Garc\u00eda, A., De Miguel-Etayo, P., Labayen, I., and Moreno, L.A. (2022). Mediterranean Diet and Genetic Determinants of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in European Children and Adolescents. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13030420"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacco, A., Cioffi, F., and Silvestri, E. (2025). Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17142364"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27506","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome, Mediterranean Diet, and Polyphenols: Evidence and Perspectives","volume":"234","author":"Finicelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03226-7","article-title":"Diet and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review","volume":"18","author":"Angelico","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"E56","article-title":"Effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the Components of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Dayi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.103919","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet: Why a New Pyramid? An Updated Representation of the Traditional Mediterranean Diet by the Italian Society of Human Nutrition (SINU)","volume":"35","author":"Sofi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna-Mejias, A., San Martin, J., Arciniegas-Diaz, D., Meneses-Caroca, T., Salamanca-Cerda, A., Beas-Gambi, A., Paola-Loaiza-Giraldo, J., Ortiz-Ahumada, C., Nova-Baeza, P., and Oyanedel-Amaro, G. (2025). Comparison of the Mediterranean Diet and Other Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125887"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Myers, J., Kokkinos, P., and Nyelin, E. (2019). Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and the Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071652"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"10","article-title":"Comparison of an Energy-Reduced Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity Versus an Ad Libitum Mediterranean Diet in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes : A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"178","author":"Corella","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z., and Sun, L. (2024). Research Advances in the Therapy of Metabolic Syndrome. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1364881"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, T., and Wang, C.-K. (2021). Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26165028"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12937","article-title":"S-Allyl Cysteine in Garlic (Allium sativum): Formation, Biofunction, and Resistance to Food Processing for Value-Added Product Development","volume":"21","author":"Yudhistira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.12.011","article-title":"Thermolysis Kinetics and Thermal Degradation Compounds of Alliin","volume":"223","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2025.12852","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Aged Garlic Extract: S-Allylcysteine, S-1-Propenylcysteine, S-Methylcysteine, S-Allylmercaptocysteine and Others (Review)","volume":"29","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0106648","article-title":"Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of S-Allylcysteine, an Amino Acid Derived from Garlic","volume":"50","author":"Kodera","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basu, C., and Sur, R. (2018). S-Allyl Cysteine Alleviates Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Injury and Apoptosis through Upregulation of Akt\/Nrf-2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in HepG2 Cells. Biomed. Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3169431"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12684","article-title":"S-Allyl-l-Cysteine (SAC) Protects Hepatocytes from Alcohol-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"2120","article-title":"S-Allyl Cysteine Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Hydroquinone-Induced Apoptosis through Mitigating Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4163","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00412K","article-title":"Improving Endothelial Health with Food-Derived H2S Donors: An in Vitro Study with S-Allyl Cysteine and with a Black-Garlic Extract Enriched in Sulfur-Containing Compounds","volume":"14","author":"Geddo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X.P., Shi, Z.H., Ming, G.F., Xu, D.M., and Cheng, S.Q. (2024). S-Allyl-L-Cysteine (SAC) Inhibits Copper-Induced Apoptosis and Cuproptosis to Alleviate Cardiomyocyte Injury. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 730.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150341"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bronowicka-Adamska, P., Bentke, A., Lasota, M., and Wr\u00f3bel, M. (2020). Effect of S-Allyl \u2013L-Cysteine on MCF-7 Cell Line 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase\/Sulfane Sulfur System, Viability and Apoptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031090"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01145-3","article-title":"S-Allyl-Cysteine Triggers Cytotoxic Events in Rat Glioblastoma RG2 and C6 Cells and Improves the Effect of Temozolomide through the Regulation of Oxidative Responses","volume":"15","author":"Zazueta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/CAD.0000000000001015","article-title":"S-Allylcysteine Induces Cytotoxic Effects in Two Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines via Induction of Oxidative Damage, Downregulation of Nrf2 and NF-\u03baB, and Apoptosis","volume":"32","author":"Arrieta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anticancer. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-018-0412-1","article-title":"S-Allylcysteine Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Cell Proliferation by DNA Methylation through DNMT1","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"623","article-title":"Anticancer Effect of S-Allyl-L-Cysteine via Induction of Apoptosis in Human Bladder Cancer Cells","volume":"15","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, K.T.P., Guo, D.Y., Cheng, Q., Geng, W., Ling, C.C., Li, C.X., Liu, X.B., Ma, Y.Y., Lo, C.M., and Poon, R.T.P. (2012). A Garlic Derivative, S-Allylcysteine (SAC), Suppresses Proliferation and Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031655"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6867","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b01043","article-title":"Small Molecule Interferences in Resazurin and MTT-Based Metabolic Assays in the Absence of Cells","volume":"90","author":"Neufeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, C., Galaction, A.I., Onose, G., Turnea, M., and Rotariu, M. (2025). Harnessing Gasotransmitters to Combat Age-Related Oxidative Stress in Smooth Muscle and Endothelial Cells. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18030344"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2009.017","article-title":"Antidiabetic Properties of S-Allyl Cysteine, a Garlic Component on Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats","volume":"7","author":"Saravanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-010-0192-2","article-title":"Beneficial Effect of S-Allylcysteine (SAC) on Blood Glucose and Pancreatic Antioxidant System in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats","volume":"65","author":"Saravanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.07.009","article-title":"Effect of S-Allylcysteine, a Sulphur Containing Amino Acid on Iron Metabolism in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"27","author":"Saravanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10927","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.10927","article-title":"S-Allylcysteine Improves Streptozotocin-Induced Alterations of Blood Glucose, Liver Cytochrome P450 2E1, Plasma Antioxidant System, and Adipocytes Hormones in Diabetic Rats","volume":"11","author":"Saravanan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.13-1","article-title":"S-Allyl Cysteine Improves Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats via Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis and Glucose Metabolism","volume":"53","author":"Takemura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2016.03.006","article-title":"Effects of S-Allylcysteine on Biomarkers of the Polyol Pathway in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Naidu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04948","article-title":"Preparation of S-Allylcysteine-Enriched Black Garlic Juice and Its Antidiabetic Effects in Streptozotocin-Induced Insulin-Deficient Mice","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.01.041","article-title":"Aged Garlic Extract and S-Allyl Cysteine Prevent Formation of Advanced Glycation Endproducts","volume":"561","author":"Ahmad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, R., Saini, S., Ghosh, S., Roy, P., Ali, N., Parvez, M.K., Al-Dosari, M.S., Mishra, A.K., and Singh, L.R. (2023). Organosulfurs, S-Allyl Cysteine and N-Acetyl Cysteine Sequester Di-Carbonyls and Reduces Carbonyl Stress in HT22 Cells. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40291-6"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavitha, S.A., Zainab, S., Muthyalaiah, Y.S., John, C.M., and Arockiasamy, S. (2025). Mechanism and Implications of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) and Its Receptor RAGE Axis as Crucial Mediators Linking Inflammation and Obesity. Mol. Biol. Rep., 52.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10632-x"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2012.12.006","article-title":"S-Allyl Cysteine Attenuates Free Fatty Acid-Induced Lipogenesis in Human HepG2 Cells through Activation of the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharif, A., Majimbi, M., Mamo, J., Lam, V., Nesbit, M., and Takechi, R. (2025). Differential Effects of S-Allyl Cysteine and Cannabidiol on Enterocytic and Plasma Amyloid-\u03b2 in Db\/Db Diabetic Mice. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04658-1"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70058","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70058","article-title":"Astaxanthin-S-Allyl Cysteine Ester Protects Pancreatic \u03b2-Cell From Glucolipotoxicity by Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and mTOR Pathway Dysregulation","volume":"38","author":"Sakayanathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geddo, F., Antoniotti, S., Querio, G., Occhipinti, A., Catucci, G., Ciniero, G., Curatolo, L., Gilardi, G., and Gallo, M.P. (Food Funct., 2025). Mechanistic Insights into S-Allyl Cysteine\u2019s Insulin-Mimetic Role: Glucose Uptake, Receptor Kinase Interaction, and Sensitivity Recovery in Skeletal Myotubes, Food Funct.","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO03746H"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.05.015","article-title":"Role of Hydrogen Sulfide in Endothelial Dysfunction: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"27","author":"Citi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H.-J., Wu, Z.-Y., Nie, X.-W., and Bian, J.-S. (2020). Role of Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Diseases: The Link Between Inflammation and Hydrogen Sulfide. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01568"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1997.tb06134.x","article-title":"Garlic Compounds Protect Vascular Endothelial Cells from Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein-Induced Injury","volume":"49","author":"Ide","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1081\/DDC-100102217","article-title":"S-Allylcysteine Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells","volume":"25","author":"Ide","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.1020S","article-title":"Garlic Compounds Minimize Intracellular Oxidative Stress and Inhibit Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Activation","volume":"131","author":"Ide","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.3.765S","article-title":"Suppression of LDL Oxidation by Garlic Compounds Is a Possible Mechanism of Cardiovascular Health Benefit","volume":"136","author":"Lau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00460-9","article-title":"Differential Regulation of NO Availability from Macrophages and Endothelial Cells by the Garlic Component S-Allyl Cysteine","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00005","article-title":"S-Allyl Cysteine Reduces Oxidant Load in Cells Involved in the Atherogenic Process","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717724792","article-title":"S-Allylcysteine Improves Blood Flow Recovery and Prevents Ischemic Injury by Augmenting Neovasculogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Syu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y.-D., Wang, H., Kho, S.-H., Rinkiko, S., Sheng, X., Shen, H.-M., and Zhu, Y.-Z. (2013). Hydrogen Sulfide Protects HUVECs against Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053147"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentke-Imiolek, A., Szl\u0119zak, D., Zarzycka, M., Wr\u00f3bel, M., and Bronowicka-Adamska, P. (2024). S-Allyl-L-Cysteine Affects Cell Proliferation and Expression of H2S-Synthetizing Enzymes in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14020188"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-2994-0","article-title":"Reversal of Endothelial Dysfunction in Aorta of Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats by S-Allylcysteine","volume":"432","author":"Brahmanaidu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.09.025","article-title":"Dose-Dependent S-Allyl Cysteine Ameliorates Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Related Pathology by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Biomarkers of Dysbiosis in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","volume":"815","author":"Escribano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ried, K., Travica, N., and Sali, A. (2018). The Effect of Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract on Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Markers in Hypertensives: The GarGIC Trial. Front. Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00122"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3394\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:56:32Z","timestamp":1761785792000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17213394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17213394","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}