{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:59:12Z","timestamp":1791266352394,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"National Agency of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11241108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11241108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with metabolic syndrome and its risk factors contributing substantially to cases in Latin America. In southern Chile, obesity, dyslipidemia, and sedentary behavior are highly prevalent, yet comprehensive baseline data on these factors are scarce. Establishing regional cardiometabolic profiles is crucial to inform prevention strategies. Objective: To describe the RIO-Study protocol and characterize the baseline cardiometabolic profile of adults from Valdivia, southern Chile. Methods: The RIO-Study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial evaluating the effects of nutritional doses of seaweed-derived omega-3 fatty acids on lipid metabolism, inflammation, and molecular lipid regulators in adults with overweight\/obesity. The protocol includes a standardized high-fat breakfast challenge and repeated postprandial blood sampling to assess dynamic lipid responses. Screening procedures comprised blood pressure measurement, fasting blood sampling, body composition by bioelectrical impedance, and health and lifestyle questionnaires. Results: Among screened participants, 91% presented overweight\/obesity and 55% presented central adiposity, exceeding regional cardiometabolic risk thresholds (waist circumference \u2265 90 cm in men, \u226580 cm in women). Men exhibited higher waist circumference (100 \u00b1 10.8 vs. 91.6 \u00b1 11.9 cm), waist-to-hip ratio (0.99 \u00b1 0.08 vs. 0.92 \u00b1 0.07), systolic blood pressure (130 \u00b1 12.0 vs. 122 \u00b1 13.4 mmHg), triglycerides (168 \u00b1 84.7 vs. 122 \u00b1 64.9 mg\/dL), VLDL-C (33.7 \u00b1 17.2 vs. 24.4 \u00b1 13.0 mg\/dL), and sedentary time (8.1 \u00b1 2.3 vs. 6.8 \u00b1 2.3 h\/day). Women had greater total body fat (39.7 \u00b1 4.75% vs. 31.1 \u00b1 5.30%), higher HDL-C (56.6 \u00b1 13.3 vs. 46.9 \u00b1 9.39 mg\/dL), and more often had normal weight (13% vs. 0%). Conclusions: The RIO-Study provides novel insights into cardiometabolic risk and will elucidate the effects of nutritional omega-3 supplementation in a high-risk Chilean population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"3397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Study Protocol and Baseline Cardiometabolic Characterization of the RIO-Study (Response to an Intervention with Omega-3): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial on Lipid and Inflammatory Profiles in Overweight and Obese Adults with Hypertriglyceridemia in Valdivia, Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Josefina","family":"Enr\u00edquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Consuelo","family":"Quezada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"S\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iarela","family":"Mitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feren","family":"Sandoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Nutrici\u00f3n y Diet\u00e9tica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n y Calidad de Vida, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4648-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Valdivia 5090000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Fit\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital del Mar Research Institute (HMRIB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER de Fisiopatolog\u00eda de la Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n","family":"Zagmutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vall\u00e8s, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3691-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catalina","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Nutrici\u00f3n y Salud P\u00fablica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud y los Alimentos, Universidad del B\u00edo-B\u00edo, Chill\u00e1n 3780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8571-1324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eneko","family":"Ganuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qualitas Health Inc., iwi life, Houston, TX 77056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Hern\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital del Mar Research Institute (HMRIB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Blanquerna School of Health Sciences, University Ramon Llull, 08025 Barcelona, 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