{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T21:16:44Z","timestamp":1770412604196,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Arterial hypertension is highly prevalent among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), acting both as a cause and consequence of declining kidney function, and significantly increasing cardiovascular risk. Among modifiable risk factors, diet\u2014particularly excessive sodium intake\u2014plays a central role in the prevention and personalized management of CKD. Methods: This study aimed to develop an innovative, digitally accessible tool to estimate sodium intake in stages 3 to 5 CKD patients, using 24-h urinary sodium excretion as the reference standard. Results: Twenty-five clinical, biological, therapeutic, and dietary variables were collected from 493 patients followed across 6 French centers. A probabilistic Tree-Augmented Naive Bayes model was used to develop the tool based on the 15 most informative variables. The model demonstrated an internal accuracy of 71%, indicating that predicted and observed sodium intake categories matched in 71% of cases. Conclusions: This AI-based prediction model offers a promising clinical tool to estimate daily sodium intake in patients with stages 3 to 5 CKD. However, external validation using independent national and international datasets is essential to establish its robustness and generalizability prior to implementation in routine clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"3398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI-BASED Tool to Estimate Sodium Intake in STAGE 3 to 5 CKD Patients\u2014The UniverSel Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Maelys","family":"Granal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, H\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Service de N\u00e9phrologie, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie Evolutive, Equipe EMET Equipe Evaluation et Mod\u00e9lisation des Effets Th\u00e9rapeutiques, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0960-6055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nans","family":"Florens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, H\u00f4pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l\u2019H\u00f4pital, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milo","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie Evolutive, Equipe EMET Equipe Evaluation et Mod\u00e9lisation des Effets Th\u00e9rapeutiques, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Fouque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Service de N\u00e9phrologie, Carmen, 69495 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5076-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laetitia","family":"Koppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Service de N\u00e9phrologie, Carmen, 69495 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"},{"name":"CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRAE, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, 69310 Pierre-B\u00e9nite, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9356-7302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Vidal-Petiot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Department, ESH Hypertension Excellence Centre Bichat Hospital, AP-HP, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Inserm U1148, LVTS, 75018 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Duly-Bouhanick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hypertension and Therapeutics, CHU Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Cartelier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, H\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Service de N\u00e9phrologie, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Sens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre AURAL\u2014Lyon, 124 Rue Villon, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Fauvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospices Civils de Lyon, H\u00f4pital Edouard Herriot, Service de N\u00e9phrologie, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69003 Lyon, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de Biom\u00e9trie et Biologie Evolutive, Equipe EMET Equipe Evaluation et Mod\u00e9lisation des Effets Th\u00e9rapeutiques, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.122.321762","article-title":"Hypertension as Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"132","author":"Burnier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. 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Kidney J. accepted."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3398\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:16:42Z","timestamp":1770373002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17213398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17213398","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}