{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:12:46Z","timestamp":1792613566031,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":187,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactoferrin is a multifunctional glycoprotein showing multiple biological properties (antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, antigenotoxic, prebiotic, probiotic) that play an essential role in maintaining host physiological homeostatic condition by exerting immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. Thanks to these biological properties, lactoferrin has widely been studied as a therapeutic agent in gastroenteric diseases, neonatal sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis, lung diseases, and COVID-19, showing very heterogeneous results based on the disease considered and the population studied. Since lactoferrin is one of the main components of neutrophils\u2019 secondary granules, it has also been investigated as a potential disease-monitoring biomarker, especially for diseases in which inflammation is a key component. This narrative review offers updated and comprehensive insights into the available literature on lactoferrin biology, biological properties, and clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"3403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Lactoferrin, a Natural Protein with Multiple Functions in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6174-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Manzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant Medicine, \u201cOspedale degli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Public and Pediatric Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6951-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Germano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant Medicine, \u201cOspedale degli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Florencia","family":"Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal-Infant Medicine, \u201cOspedale degli Infermi\u201d, 13875 Ponderano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8322-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Sainaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCAD (Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"CAAD (Center for Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases), Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bukowska-O\u015bko, I., Sulejczak, D., Kaczy\u0144ska, K., Kleczkowska, P., Kramkowski, K., Popiel, M., Wietrak, E., and Kowalczyk, P. 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