{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T15:03:00Z","timestamp":1762182180785,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n (SECIHTI), Mexico","award":["CBF2023-2024-3587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CBF2023-2024-3587"]}]},{"name":"Becas Nacionales SECIHTI","award":["857960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857960"]}]},{"name":"Investigadoras e Investigadores por M\u00e9xico fellowships from the SECIHTI","award":["638428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["638428"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hypercaloric diet is associated with oxidative stress and the dysfunction of ATP-Binding Cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a key element in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis and reverse cholesterol transport. Nicotinamide (NAM) presents antioxidant properties, which may contribute to maintaining lipid metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effect of NAM on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) level, oxidative stress markers, and the gene expression and protein levels of ABCA1 in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a hypercaloric diet. Forty male rats were divided into five groups: one group received a standard diet, and the remaining groups received a single high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFDF). Three of the HFDF groups received NAM treatment (5, 10, and 15 mM) in drinking water for 16 weeks (5 h\/day). While HDL-C and oxidative stress were measured in serum samples, oxidative stress markers, and the gene expression and protein levels of ABCA1 were quantified in liver samples. The HDL-C level altered by the HFDF was improved by treatment with NAM. Furthermore, NAM reduces systemic lipid peroxidation levels and enhances the hepatic antioxidant response affected by the HFDF. In addition, NAM modulates the hepatic ABCA1 gene expression and protein level, altered by the HFDF. Our results suggest that NAM may modify the serum HDL-C level by an improvement of antioxidant response, and a possible modulation of the hepatic ABCA1 gene and protein expression. Further metabolic and molecular studies are needed to support the potential therapeutic role of NAM to prevent or treat lipid alterations promoted by a hypercaloric diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:00:33Z","timestamp":1762178433000},"page":"3458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Potential Effects of Nicotinamide on Serum HDL-Cholesterol Levels and Hepatic Oxidative Stress, ABCA1 Gene and Protein Expression in Rats Fed a High-Fat\/Fructose Diet"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6623-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas I.","family":"Seraf\u00edn-Fabi\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico-Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C.P. 39087, Mexico"},{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City C.P. 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City C.P. 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5279-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. D.","family":"Villeda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico, Mexico City C.P. 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"G\u00f3mez-Zamudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City C.P. 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6569-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edazcouder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City C.P. 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8709-6727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Ortega-Camarillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City C.P. 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0816-8874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Flores-Alfaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Epidemiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmico Biol\u00f3ogicas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo C.P. 39087, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City C.P. 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9170-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Vazquez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Bioqu\u00edmica, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City C.P. 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alves-Costa, S., Nascimento, G.G., de Souza, B.F., Hugo, F.N., Leite, F.R.M., and Ribeiro, C.C.C. (Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2025). Global, regional, and national burden of high sugar-sweetened beverages consumption, 1990\u20132021, with projections up to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2025.07.033"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Suarez, V.J., Beltran-Velasco, A.I., Redondo-Florez, L., Martin-Rodriguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612829666221020162955","article-title":"Hypercaloric Diet Promotes Metabolic Disorders and Impaired Kidney Function","volume":"28","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.07.007","article-title":"Association between dietary fat intake and mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Liu, H., and Li, C. (2021). Dietary Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Chronic Metabolic Diseases. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081854"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aleksandrova, K., Koelman, L., and Rodrigues, C.E. (2021). Dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation: A systematic review of observational and intervention studies. Redox Biol., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101869"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2022.2042777","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms for ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203723666220429083753","article-title":"A Review: Molecular Mechanism of Regulation of ABCA1 Expression","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilotta, M.T., Petillo, S., Santoni, A., and Cippitelli, M. (2020). Liver X Receptors: Regulators of Cholesterol Metabolism, Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Cancer. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.584303"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.03.001","article-title":"ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and HDL metabolism: Effects of fatty acids","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M032599","article-title":"High-fructose diet downregulates long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 expression in liver of hamsters via impairing LXR\/RXR signaling pathway","volume":"54","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2009.41.2.015","article-title":"High glucose, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids differentially regulate expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 in human macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Mauerer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1024-5","article-title":"The severity of rat liver injury by fructose and high fat depends on the degree of respiratory dysfunction and oxidative stress induced in mitochondria","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2015.08.013","article-title":"In vitro fructose exposure overactivates NADPH oxidase and causes oxidative stress in the isolated rat aorta","volume":"29","author":"Almenara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2006.08.024","article-title":"Oxidative stress influences cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophages: Role of ATP-binding cassette A1 and nuclear factors","volume":"72","author":"Marcil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobo-Albavera, L., Dom\u00ednguez-P\u00e9rez, M., Medina-Leyte, D.J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Garrido, A., and Villarreal-Molina, T. (2021). The Role of the ATP-Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) in Human Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041593"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.048","article-title":"Nicotinamide prevents sweet beverage-induced hepatic steatosis in rats by regulating the G6PD, NADPH\/NADP(+) and GSH\/GSSG ratios and reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress","volume":"818","author":"Mejia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117585","article-title":"Nicotinamide reduces inflammation and oxidative stress via the cholinergic system in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats","volume":"250","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00475-y","article-title":"NAD+ Precursors Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Potential Dietary Contribution to Health","volume":"12","author":"Alegre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13943","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202113943","article-title":"NAD(+) homeostasis in human health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Wanders","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.176068","article-title":"Nicotinamide, an acetylcholinesterase uncompetitive inhibitor, protects the blood\u2014Brain barrier and improves cognitive function in rats fed a hypercaloric diet","volume":"959","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)02043-8","article-title":"Improved analysis of malondialdehyde in human body fluids","volume":"20","author":"Jentzsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(69)90064-5","article-title":"Enzymic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammalian blood and other tissues","volume":"27","author":"Tietze","year":"1969","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szudzik, M., Hutsch, T., Chabowski, D., Zajdel, M., and Ufnal, M. (2024). Normal caloric intake with high-fat diet induces metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and dyslipidemia without obesity in rats. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74193-y"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.19-0148","article-title":"High fat diet induced obesity model using four strainsof mice: Kunming, C57BL\/6, BALB\/c and ICR","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.10.002","article-title":"Increased susceptibility of post-weaning rats on high-fat diet to metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.70252\/HPPF5281","article-title":"The Effects of Overfeeding on Body Composition: The Role of Macronutrient Composition\u2014A Narrative Review","volume":"10","author":"Leaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M300403-JLR200","article-title":"Niacin noncompetitively inhibits DGAT2 but not DGAT1 activity in HepG2 cells","volume":"45","author":"Ganji","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.4.1051","article-title":"Niacin accelerates intracellular ApoB degradation by inhibiting triacylglycerol synthesis in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(02)00284-X","article-title":"Niacin and cholesterol: Role in cardiovascular disease (review)","volume":"14","author":"Ganji","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, B.L., and Norhaizan, M.E. (2019). Effect of High-Fat Diets on Oxidative Stress, Cellular Inflammatory Response and Cognitive Function. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112579"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110914","article-title":"The potential efficacy of dietary fatty acids and fructose induced inflammation and oxidative stress on the insulin signaling and fat accumulation in mice","volume":"135","author":"Tamer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-05136-4","article-title":"High fructose-containing drinking water-induced steatohepatitis in rats is prevented by the nicotinamide-mediated modulation of redox homeostasis and NADPH-producing enzymes","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7216","article-title":"NAD(H) and NADP(H) Redox Couples and Cellular Energy Metabolism","volume":"28","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(03)00200-6","article-title":"Analysis of glutathione: Implication in redox and detoxification","volume":"333","author":"Pastore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00275-0","article-title":"Redox state of glutathione in human plasma","volume":"28","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1493","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00016.2006","article-title":"ROS and NF-kappaB but not LXR mediate IL-1beta signaling for the downregulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1","volume":"292","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-022-00653-9","article-title":"Effects of NAD+ precursor supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in humans: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"555","article-title":"Nicotinamide induces liver regeneration and improves liver function by activating SIRT1","volume":"19","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.S092007","article-title":"Niacin: An old lipid drug in a new NAD+ dress","volume":"60","author":"Romani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780421","article-title":"ABCA1 mRNA and Protein Distribution Patterns Predict Multiple Different Roles and Levels of Regulation","volume":"82","author":"Wellington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7805","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14243","article-title":"Deletion of miR-33, a regulator of the ABCA1-APOE pathway, ameliorates neuropathological phenotypes in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"20","author":"Tate","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. J. Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02286A","article-title":"The role of microRNA-33 as a key regulator in hepatic lipogenesis signaling and a potential serological biomarker for NAFLD with excessive dietary fructose consumption in C57BL\/6N mice","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.305182","article-title":"Cellular Cholesterol Accumulation Facilitates Ubiquitination and Lysosomal Degradation of Cell Surface-Resident ABCA1","volume":"35","author":"Mizuno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2018.06.013","article-title":"Post-translational modifications of transporters","volume":"192","author":"Czuba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3458\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T14:10:41Z","timestamp":1762179041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/21\/3458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17213458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17213458","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]}}}