{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:03:46Z","timestamp":1793387026506,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic complication of prematurity, associated with significant morbidity. Nutrition is a key modifiable factor influencing lung growth, repair, and overall development. This review summarizes current evidence on nutritional strategies for BPD prevention and management. Methods: Narrative review was conducted with literature search in major databases using relevant keywords. Results: Early nutritional deficits are strongly associated with BPD. Higher early protein (3.5\u20134 g\/kg\/day) and energy intake (&gt;60 kcal\/kg\/day in the first week, with progressive increases) reduce ventilator dependence. Lipids are essential to achieve caloric goals. Fluid restriction may reduce BPD risk but often results in undernutrition. Nutrient density, rather than fluid volume, is critical. Enteral nutrition, particularly mother\u2019s own milk, consistently reduces BPD risk, whereas formula feeding is linked to higher BPD incidence. In established BPD, nutritional requirements are substantially increased. Feeding is frequently complicated by fluid restriction, gastroesophageal reflux, and poor oral coordination. Management strategies include higher energy intake (130\u2013150 kcal\/kg\/day), adequate protein provision (3.5\u20134 g\/kg\/day), and careful use of lipid-based energy sources. Fortified human milk or enriched preterm formulas are essential, with individualized fortification improving growth. Micronutrient support is critical, and long-term follow-up is required, as post-discharge growth remains vulnerable and predicts later outcomes. Conclusions: Nutritional strategies to mitigate BPD should focus on early optimization of protein and energy intake, prioritization of nutrient density and promotion of human milk feeding. Targeted micronutrient support, individualized fortification and multidisciplinary care are essential to improve pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:58:05Z","timestamp":1762329485000},"page":"3472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nutrition Strategies for the Preterm Infant with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4852-6920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela S.","family":"Trindade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Section, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca C.","family":"Benincasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Section, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9903-0861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme S.","family":"Procianoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Universidade Federal de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2982-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita C.","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Section, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8297-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renato S.","family":"Procianoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Newborn Section, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2015.08.007","article-title":"Impact of Nutrition on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia","volume":"42","author":"Poindexter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. 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