{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:42:40Z","timestamp":1762508560561,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia","award":["142-451-3176\/2025-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142-451-3176\/2025-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The guinea pig is a unique experimental model because of the evolutionary loss of the GULO gene, which encodes an enzyme involved in vitamin C synthesis. Since vitamin C plays an essential role in collagen biochemistry, numerous studies have investigated the effects of pre- and postnatal vitamin C deficiency. However, only a few studies, including ours, have indicated a possible link between vitamin C deprivation and potential weakening of the basement membrane, which may lead to significant alterations in brain structure. Methods: The experiment included guinea pig foetuses completely deprived from the 10th (E2 group) and the 20th (E1 group) to the 50th day of intrauterine life. Tissue samples from the cerebrum and cerebellum were taken for biochemical, molecular, and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: In the E2 group alone, we found marked gross changes: cerebral bleeding, porencephaly, and a lissencephalic cerebellar surface. Microscopic examination revealed diffuse bleeding in the cerebrum along with a loss of neurons in the area of the defect, specifically in the E2 group. The complete maturation of ectopic neurons characterised dysplastic changes in the cerebellum. Hydroxyproline analysis of both the cerebrum and cerebellum showed no significant differences among the E1, E2, and control groups. However, decreased expression of COL1, COL4A1, and SLC23A1 was observed solely in the cerebellar tissue of the E1 group. Conclusions: The morphological, biochemical, and molecular results represent preliminary associations with vitamin C deficiency, but require further validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T09:02:03Z","timestamp":1762419723000},"page":"3484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurodevelopmental Changes in the Guinea Pig Brain Caused by Time-Limited Complete Vitamin C Deprivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7531-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"\u010capo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Centre for Pathology and Histology, University Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilija","family":"Andrijevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7031-7398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"\u010capo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Prevention of Rabies and Other Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7184-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Popovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2990-0243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Milenkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3165-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radomir","family":"Ratajac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Food Safety and Drug Analysis, Scientific Veterinary Institute \u201cNovi Sad\u201d, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5215-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dejan","family":"Vranje\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2693-543X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Milutinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2595-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragana","family":"Simin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7889-310X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slobodan","family":"Sekuli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(78)90018-8","article-title":"Scurvy-prone animals, including man, monkey, and guinea pig, do not express the gene for gulonolactone oxidase","volume":"187","author":"Sato","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. 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