{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:02:16Z","timestamp":1790089336573,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FSC 2014-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSC 2014-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Nutrition during the reproductive years shapes women\u2019s immediate health, fertility, pregnancy outcomes, and long-term offspring well-being. This position paper narratively synthesizes and critically appraises evidence on how dietary patterns, macro-\/micronutrients, and supplementation influence women\u2019s health, female fertility, and reproductive outcomes, to inform practical recommendations. Methods: We narratively reviewed recent reviews, cohort studies, clinical trials, and public-health guidance on macronutrients, key micronutrients, dietary patterns (with emphasis on the Mediterranean diet), ultra-processed food (UPF) intake, and targeted supplementation relevant to menstrual, metabolic, cardiovascular, skeletal, and reproductive outcomes. Results: Balanced, diverse diets rich in whole and minimally processed foods support hormonal regulation, ovulatory function, healthy gestation, and chronic-disease risk reduction. Priority nutrients include iron, folate, calcium, vitamin D, zinc, vitamin B12, and long-chain omega-3s (DHA), with supplementation considered when dietary intake or bioavailability is inadequate. Evidence consistently links Mediterranean-style eating to improved metabolic health, insulin sensitivity, IVF success, lower gestational diabetes risk, and favorable neonatal outcomes. High UPF consumption is associated with poorer diet quality, inflammation, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and potential reproductive impairment, warranting a reduction in favor of nutrient-dense foods. Diet also influences cardiovascular and bone health through effects on lipids, glycemia, blood pressure, and mineral\/vitamin status, with fiber-rich carbohydrates, unsaturated fats (notably olive oil), and adequate calcium\u2013vitamin D emerging as central levers. Conclusions: For women of childbearing age, a Mediterranean-aligned, minimally processed dietary pattern\u2014tailored to individual needs and complemented by prudent use of folate, iron, vitamin D, calcium, B12, and DHA when indicated\u2014offers robust benefits across reproductive, metabolic, cardiovascular, and skeletal domains. Public-health actions should improve access to healthy foods, curb UPF marketing, and embed personalized nutrition counseling in routine care; further longitudinal research from preconception through postpartum is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T11:47:27Z","timestamp":1762775247000},"page":"3505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Role of Diet in Women of Childbearing Age: Current Evidence Supporting Nutritional Recommendations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Maugeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-5003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Barchitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Favara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2023-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Magnano San Lio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Ojeda-Granados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Alonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servizio Igiene degli Alimenti e Nutrizione (SIAN), Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, 95100 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3308-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Bellavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marialaura","family":"Bonaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Prevention, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) NEUROMED, 86077 Isernia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Di Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8040-5571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Donfrancesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Libera Universit\u00e0 Mediterranea (LUM) University, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7901-4995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Gandullia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Centrale (UOC) Gastroenterologia ed Endoscopia Digestiva, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) G. Gaslini, 1647 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7843-5969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Giavaresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9200-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Giroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Cardiologico Monzino Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 20138 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3990-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brunella","family":"Grigolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio RAMSES, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio RAMSES, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Italiana per l\u2019Educazione Alimentare (FEI), 20214 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0204-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DI.M.I.), University of Genoa, 16145 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Nutritional Centre Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) G.Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3258-7200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Sciacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 16145 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-5885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Licia","family":"Iacoviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Epidemiology and Prevention, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) NEUROMED, 86077 Isernia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Libera Universit\u00e0 Mediterranea (LUM) University, 70010 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4405-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Agodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S135","article-title":"Weight Changes, Nutritional Intake, Food Contaminants, and Supplements in Women of Childbearing Age, including Pregnant Women: Guidelines for Interventions during the Perinatal Period from the French National College of Midwives","volume":"67","author":"Camier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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