{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:59:43Z","timestamp":1792123183634,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) in adolescents are increasingly prevalent. In South Tyrol, a bilingual region in Northern Italy, not only actual gender and age prevalences can be compared to screening rates, but even the comparability of screening tools across languages can be examined. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis integrated clinical registry data with representative, online school-recruited adolescents (11 to 17) self-reports. 166 clinically diagnosed cases and 1465 screened adolescents (1246 German, 219 Italian), were examined. The SCOFF questionnaire (cutoff \u2265 2 for German and \u22653 for Italian), body mass index, body image perception, psychosocial and lifestyle indicators in proxy and self-reports were examined using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The clinical dataset for 2024 has a prevalence rate of 0.4%. The SCOFF screening tool identified symptomatic cases in 10.6%, and an age-increasing trend among females. The overall SCOFF-prevalence did not differ between language versions, although responses to individual items varied significantly. Predictors of ED included body image, psychosomatic complaints, problematic social media use, and low social support, with differences between genders. Parents tended to underestimate their children\u2019s perception of being \u201ctoo thick.\u201d Conclusions: In early adolescence, preventive strategies are needed and targeted interventions in late adolescence. For early detection and intervention, gender-sensitive prevention and active parental involvement is needed. The SCOFF questionnaire demonstrates utility across both languages, but bilingual comparison highlights the need for culturally adapted tools and cross-language validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:07:03Z","timestamp":1763114823000},"page":"3549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adolescent Eating Disorder Risk in a Bilingual Region: Clinical Prevalence, Screening Challenges and Treatment Gap in South Tyrol, Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5934-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Z\u00f6bl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hospital of Bressanone\u2013Brixen (SABES-ASDAA), 39042 Bressanone, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1974-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliano","family":"Piccoliori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolf","family":"Engl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Hager von Strobele-Prainsack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4639-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian J.","family":"Wiedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of General Practice and Public Health, Claudiana College of Health Professions, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101584","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2024-101584","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of eating disorders in female adolescents compared with children and young adults: An analysis of real-time administrative data","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119596","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burdens of eating disorder in adolescents and young adults aged 10\u201324 years from 1990 to 2021: A trend analysis","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24295","article-title":"Eating Disorders in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Danish Nationwide Register-Based Study","volume":"57","author":"Sonne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pruccoli, J., Rosa, S., Chiavarino, F., Cava, M., Gazzano, A., Gualandi, P., Marino, M., Moscano, F., Rossi, F., and Sacrato, L. (Minerva Pediatr., 2024). Feeding and eating disorders in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: Real-word data from an observational, naturalistic study, Minerva Pediatr., Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5276.24.07199-4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacomini, G., Elhadidy, H.S., Paladini, G., Onorati, R., Sciurpa, E., Gianino, M.M., and Borraccino, A. (2022). Eating Disorders in Hospitalized School-Aged Children and Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Discharge Records in Developmental Ages in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192012988"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12440","DOI":"10.1111\/jcap.12440","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic impact among adolescents with eating disorders referred to Italian psychiatric unit","volume":"37","author":"Cappelletto","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-019-03005-w","article-title":"[Symptoms of eating disorders in children and adolescents: Frequencies and risk factors: Results from KiGGS Wave 2 and trends]","volume":"62","author":"Cohrdes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, L., Schr\u00f6der, R., Hamer, T., and Suhr, R. (2024). Eating disorders and health literacy in Germany: Results from two representative samples of adolescents and adults. Front. Psychol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1464651"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7223.1467","article-title":"The SCOFF questionnaire: Assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders","volume":"319","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"89","article-title":"[Validation of the SCOFF questionnaire for screening the eating behaviour disorders of adolescents in school]","volume":"35","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aten Primaria"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24318","article-title":"Validation of the SCOFF as a Simple Screening Tool for Eating Disorders in an Inpatient Sample Before and During COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Beer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napp, A.-K., Kaman, A., Erhart, M., Westenh\u00f6fer, J., and Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2023). Eating disorder symptoms among children and adolescents in Germany before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1157402"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01214-4","article-title":"Risk of eating disorders in a representative sample of Italian adolescents: Prevalence and association with self-reported interpersonal factors","volume":"27","author":"Lazzaretti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eat. Weight. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, V., Wiedermann, C.J., Kaman, A., Erhard, M., Piccoliori, G., Plagg, B., Mahlknecht, A., Ausserhofer, D., Engl, A., and Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2022). Quality of Life and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents after the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Large Population-Based Survey in South Tyrol, Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095220"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, V., Wiedermann, C.J., Piccoliori, G., Mahlknecht, A., Plagg, B., Ausserhofer, D., and Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2023). Evolution of Youth\u2019s Mental Health and Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Tyrol, Italy: Comparison of Two Representative Surveys. Children, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/children10050895"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, V., Piccoliori, G., Engl, A., and Wiedermann, C.J. (2024). Parental Mental Health, Gender, and Lifestyle Effects on Post-Pandemic Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Problems: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Northern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.1743.v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8257329","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8257329","article-title":"Overweight and Body Image Perception in Adolescents with Triage of Eating Disorders","volume":"2017","author":"Cecon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104520962155","article-title":"Attachment to parents and friends and body dissatisfaction in adolescents with eating disorders","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzaga, I., Ribovski, M., Claumann, G.S., Folle, A., Beltrame, T.S., Laus, M.F., and Pelegrini, A. (2023). Secular trends in body image dissatisfaction and associated factors among adolescents (2007\u20132017\/2018). PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280520"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-017-0177-8","article-title":"The role of personality in body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating: Discrepancies between men and women","volume":"5","author":"MacNeill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, J.H.P., and Wolf, C. (2003). The CASMIN Educational Classification in International Comparative Research. Advances in Cross-National Comparison: A European Working Book for Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Zimet, G. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)\u2014Scale Items and Scoring Information. 2016."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2013.0706","article-title":"The German version of the Generalized Pathological Internet Use Scale 2: A validation study","volume":"17","author":"Barke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Riva, G., Wiederhold, B.K., and Cipresso, P. (2016). Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2: Update on the psychometric properties among Italian young adults. The Psychology of Social Networking: Identity and Relationships in Online Communities, De Gruyter."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machimbarrena, J.M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabrera, J., Ortega-Bar\u00f3n, J., Beranuy-Fargues, M., \u00c1lvarez-Bard\u00f3n, A., and Tejero, B. (2019). Profiles of Problematic Internet Use and Its Impact on Adolescents\u2019 Health-Related Quality of Life. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16203877"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Schlack, R., and H\u00f6lling, H. (2007). Essst\u00f6rungen im Kindes-und Jugendalter: Erste Ergebnisse aus dem Kinder-und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt\u2014Gesundheitsforschung\u2014Gesundheitsschutz, Robert Koch-Institut. Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsberichterstattung."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pannocchia, L., Di Fiorino, M., Giannini, M., and Vanderlinden, J. (2011). A psychometric exploration of an Italian translation of the SCOFF questionnaire. European Eating Disorders Review, John Wiley&Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.1105"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2025, November 11). Available online: https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/assets\/guidelines\/050-001l_S3_Praevention-Therapie-Adipositas_2024-10.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paakkari, L., Torppa, M., Mazur, J., Boberova, Z., Sudeck, G., Kalman, M., and Paakkari, O. (2020). A Comparative Study on Adolescents\u2019 Health Literacy in Europe: Findings from the HBSC Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103543"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-013-0428-3","article-title":"The European KIDSCREEN approach to measure quality of life and well-being in children: Development, current application, and future advances","volume":"23","author":"Herdman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Italian (2025, September 26). Kidscreen.org. Available online: http:\/\/www.kidscreen.org\/contacts\/italian\/."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"100473","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale: An analysis using item response theory","volume":"17","author":"Zarate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2018.25.4.12","article-title":"Sample Size Guidelines for Logistic Regression from Observational Studies with Large Population: Emphasis on the Accuracy Between Statistics and Parameters Based on Real Life Clinical Data","volume":"25","author":"Bujang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ispas, A.G., Forray, A.I., Lacurezeanu, A., Petreu\u0219, D., Gavrila\u0219, L.I., and Chereche\u0219, R.M. (2025). Eating Disorder Risk Among Adolescents: The Influence of Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and BMI. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061067"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.53730\/ijhs.v7nS1.14312","article-title":"Screening of Eating Disorders Among Adolescents: A Study from Pakistan","volume":"7","author":"Malik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"417","article-title":"Partial eating disorders among adolescents: A review","volume":"37","author":"Narring","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"496","article-title":"Eating disorders in adolescents: Position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine","volume":"33","author":"Golden","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.05.009","article-title":"Adolescent Eating Disorders Predict Psychiatric, High-Risk Behaviors and Weight Outcomes in Young Adulthood","volume":"54","author":"Micali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13173","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13173","article-title":"Eating disorder risk in adolescents with obesity","volume":"22","author":"Jebeile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarraj, S., Berry, S.L., and Burton, A.L. (2025). A Scoping Review of Eating Disorder Prevention and Body Image Programs Delivered in Australian Schools. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17132118"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091447","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of eating disorder prevention programs: Encouraging findings","volume":"3","author":"Stice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3149","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of eating disorder preventative interventions in schools","volume":"33","author":"Berry","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e196","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2024.795","article-title":"School-based eating disorder prevention programmes and their impact on adolescent mental health: Systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Wong","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"10","article-title":"[German Prevention Programs for Eating Disorders\u2014A Systematic Review]","volume":"69","author":"Pickhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom. Med. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Grave, R.D. (2025, October 07). School-based prevention programs for eating disorders: Achievements and opportunities, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-Assessed Reviews, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK70226\/."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.483251","article-title":"Validation of the French version of SCOFF questionnaire for screening of eating disorders among adults","volume":"11","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.06.005","article-title":"Validation of the Spanish version of the SCOFF questionnaire for the screening of eating disorders in primary care","volume":"59","author":"Lou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2008.09.004","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the SCOFF questionnaire (Chinese version) for screening eating disorders in Hong Kong secondary school students: A cross-sectional study","volume":"46","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-022-00564-3","article-title":"The translation and psychometric assessment of the SCOFF eating disorder screening questionnaire: The Persian version","volume":"10","author":"Bazzazian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosoda, Y., Ohtani, T., Hanazawa, H., Tanaka, M., Kimura, H., Ohsako, N., Hashimoto, T., Kobori, O., Iyo, M., and Nakazato, M. (2021). Establishment of a Japanese version of the Sick, Control, One Stone, Fat, and Food (SCOFF) questionnaire for screening eating disorders in university students. BMC Res. Notes, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-021-05549-0"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2017.1300322","article-title":"Identification of eating disorder symptoms in Danish adolescents with the SCOFF questionnaire","volume":"71","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-1667","article-title":"The Brazilian version of the SCOFF questionnaire to screen eating disorders in young adults: Cultural adaptation and validation study in a university population","volume":"43","author":"Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-019-05478-6","article-title":"Eating Disorder Screening: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Characteristics of the SCOFF","volume":"35","author":"Kutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-024-01656-6","article-title":"The use and misuse of the SCOFF screening measure over two decades: A systematic literature review","volume":"29","author":"Coop","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tekola, A., Regassa, L.D., Mandefro, M., Shawel, S., Kassa, O., Shasho, F., Demis, T., Masrie, A., Tamire, A., and Roba, K.T. (2024). Body image dissatisfaction is associated with perceived body weight among secondary school adolescents in Harar Town, eastern Ethiopia. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1397155"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2018-000255","article-title":"Body image dissatisfaction in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Beese","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23970","article-title":"Population-level policy recommendations for the prevention of disordered weight control behaviors: A scoping review","volume":"56","author":"Raffoul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Eat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedermann, C.J., Barbieri, V., Plagg, B., Marino, P., Piccoliori, G., and Engl, A. (2023). Fortifying the Foundations: A Comprehensive Approach to Enhancing Mental Health Support in Educational Policies Amidst Crises. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101423"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/22\/3549\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1764068543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/22\/3549"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17223549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17223549","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]}}}