{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T05:16:03Z","timestamp":1763270163831,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007746","name":"W. K. Kellogg Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UL1 TR000062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007746","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Stone Foundation"},{"name":"Church & Dwight"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Stress during pregnancy critically impacts maternal and fetal health. While prior research has linked sociodemographic and biological factors to stress levels, the role of specific biomarkers, such as vitamin D (VD), remains unexplored. This study examined the relationships among sociodemographic factors, VD status (as measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration), and perceived stress in pregnant women. We hypothesized that 25(OH)D concentration would be associated with perceived stress levels during pregnancy. Methods: A post hoc analysis of the Kellogg Pregnancy VD study was conducted on a cohort of 232 pregnant women with Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) scores at months 2, 5, and 7 with corresponding 25(OH)D concentrations. PSS-10 scores were classified into two groups: patients with scores of 0\u201313 were considered to have low stress, while those with scores of 14\u201340 were considered to have moderate-to-high stress. Logistic regression models identified factors associated with moderate-to-high stress. Results: At month 2, univariate analyses showed that being married (p = 0.002), having a college education (p = 0.0013), and lower BMI (p = 0.018) were associated with lower perceived stress, whereas Black race was associated with higher perceived stress (p = 0.027). By month 7, higher serum 25(OH)D concentration was the only significant predictor of perceived stress in univariate analysis (p = 0.002). In multivariate models at month 7, 25(OH)D approached significance (p = 0.053). Conclusions: Early in pregnancy, race, marital status, college education, and BMI were significantly associated with PSS-10 score. By month 7, 25(OH)D concentration over time emerged as a factor that was significantly associated in univariate analysis and showed a trend toward significance in multivariate models. VD status, as measured by 25(OH)D concentration, may act as a biomarker of stress during pregnancy. Results warrant further study in prospective intervention trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:07:03Z","timestamp":1763114823000},"page":"3553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D Status as a Late Pregnancy Biomarker of Perceived Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7936-0425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maya F.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anjali G.","family":"Borsum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6939-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew J.","family":"Gregoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myla D.","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith R.","family":"Shary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hewison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce W.","family":"Hollis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495x12473751","article-title":"Effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and human development: Mechanisms and pathways","volume":"6","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. 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