{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:05:57Z","timestamp":1778864757828,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Late preterm delivery accounts for approximately 5% of all births. Although there is a growing body of literature recognizing that children born late preterm are at risk for mild neurodevelopmental issues, these children are often excluded from follow-up programs. From a preventive perspective, it could be useful to promote protective factors for child development. Among these, human milk feeding is highly recommended due to its advantages for child health and development. However, there is limited research on the complex interactions between late preterm birth, human milk feeding, and subsequent cognitive and emotional development. This paper aims to explore these interactions. Methods: This study focuses on late preterm children aged 8 to 12 years who are attending school. A trained psychologist conducted assessments of cognitive development using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III). Additionally, the family pediatrician gathered neonatal and current growth data, while parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist 6\u201318 (CBCL) regarding their child\u2019s emotional and behavioral profile. Results: A significant impact of early nutrition on children\u2019s cognitive development was observed, with those fed human or formula milk scoring higher than those in the mixed milk group. Additionally, early feeding, high maternal and low paternal perception of externalizing difficulties significantly predicted children\u2019s cognitive development. Conclusions: The study suggests the potential role of early nutrition and externalizing difficulties in the cognitive development of late preterm children at school age. Therefore, the inclusion of protective factors such as breastfeeding should be encouraged in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:07:03Z","timestamp":1763114823000},"page":"3558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Late Preterm Children: A Pilot Study on the Role of Early Nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Augusto","family":"Biasini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Donor Human Milk Bank Italian Association (AIBLUD), 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0847-1400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari\u201d, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Stella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Pediatric Unit, Ausl Romagna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Malaigia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiorella","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari\u201d, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-5761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari\u201d, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4","article-title":"National, regional, and global estimates of preterm birth in 2020, with trends from 2010: A systematic analysis","volume":"402","author":"Ohuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(21)00311-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-19: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"6","author":"Perin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. 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