{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:29:22Z","timestamp":1781195362929,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nutrients - I am allowed publication free of charge","award":["XX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XX"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Worldwide, an estimated 20\u201330% of infants suffer from infant colic (IC), with excessive crying and unsettled behavior, during the first three months of life. These infants are often referred for a medical evaluation, but the pathogenesis of IC remains poorly understood. The aim of this narrative review is to critically appraise the available literature regarding the relation between IC and cow\u2019s milk allergy (CMA). Methods: A literature search using the search strings cow\u2019s milk allergy [MeSH Terms] OR food allergy [MesH Terms] AND colic [MeSH Terms] OR crying [MeSH Terms], limited to the English language, from inception to 15 June 2025, resulted in the identification of 135 articles. Of these, 18 clinical trials assessed the effect of a cow\u2019s milk elimination diet on IC. Results: The role of CMA in IC in the absence of other allergic manifestations remains uncertain. However, when standard treatment of infant colic has failed and when other allergic symptoms are present, CMA may be considered. A diagnostic elimination diet which includes a 2\u20134-week trial of maternal cow\u2019s milk elimination in breastfed infants or an extensively hydrolyzed cow\u2019s milk or hydrolyzed rice formula should be performed. If the elimination diet results in a significant decrease in symptoms, reintroduction of cow\u2019s milk protein into the diet is mandatory to fulfill the diagnostic criteria of CMA. Conclusions: Considering the limited current evidence, future research should prioritize large well-designed clinical trials with a focus on investigating CMA in colicky breastfed and formula-fed infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T12:33:04Z","timestamp":1763469184000},"page":"3600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Infantile Colic: When to Suspect Cow\u2019s Milk Allergy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Vandenplas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4339-556X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Salvatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Hospital \u201cF. Del Ponte\u201d, Department of Medicine and Technological Innovation, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3405-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario C.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Gastroenterologia Pedi\u00e1trica, Hospital Pequeno Pr\u00edncipe, Curitiba 80250-060, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Savino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cRegina Margherita\u201d Children Hospital, Department of Pediatric, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf G.","family":"Heine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6402-1762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Huysentruyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosan","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.02.020","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Fussing and crying durations and prevalence of colic in infants","volume":"185","author":"Wolke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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