{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:06:36Z","timestamp":1790928396147,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Plant-based diets are associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk, yet the influence of lifestyle behaviors on these benefits remains insufficiently understood. Objective: To assess the combined impact of dietary patterns and lifestyle behaviors on body composition, lipid profiles, and inflammatory biomarkers in healthy young adults. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 155 participants aged 18\u201339 years were categorized into four dietary groups: vegans (n = 48), vegetarians (n = 49), pescatarians (n = 23), and omnivores (n = 35). Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Blood samples were analyzed for lipid parameters, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein(a), and inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and hsCRP). Participants were further stratified based on behavioral factors, including physical activity, sleep duration, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Results: Vegans demonstrated the lowest body fat and visceral adipose tissue, along with the second-highest skeletal muscle mass. Significant intergroup differences were observed in total cholesterol (p = 0.032), HDL-C (p = 0.006), and triacylglycerols (p = 0.005). Among vegans, suboptimal lifestyle behaviors were associated with elevated LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and homocysteine levels (p &lt; 0.05). Positive correlations were identified between ApoB and BMI (r = 0.517) and between IL-6 and waist\u2013to\u2013hip ratio (\u03c1 = 0.499). Conclusions: A vegan diet, when combined with healthy lifestyle behaviors, is associated with favorable body composition and lipid profiles. Regardless of dietary pattern, maintaining a healthy body weight and minimizing visceral adiposity are essential for reducing cardiovascular and inflammatory risk. These research findings underscore the importance of integrating high-quality plant-based diets with lifestyle modifications and advanced modeling approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T08:59:46Z","timestamp":1763715586000},"page":"3634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dietary and Lifestyle Patterns and Their Associations with Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Biomarkers in Vegans, Vegetarians, Pescatarians, and Omnivores: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7767-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7704-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Olszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-3863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Formanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, February 20). 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