{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T06:02:03Z","timestamp":1774677723108,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["312114\/2025-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312114\/2025-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.083661\/2024-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.083661\/2024-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007395","name":"Instituto Nacional de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia em Excitotoxicidade e Neuroprote\u00e7\u00e3o","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["408446\/2024-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["408446\/2024-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Postpartum depression (PPD) represents a major public health issue, with a direct impact on the quality of life of the mother\u2013infant dyad. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), hereafter referred to as VitD, has been suggested to exert protective effects on mood regulation. However, current findings remain inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the association between gestational VitD deficiency (\u226419.9 \u00b5g\/mL) and the diagnosis of PPD three months after delivery. Methods: This longitudinal study followed mother\u2013child dyads in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. A total of 983 pregnant women were initially recruited, of whom 713 had complete data available for this analysis. Blood samples were collected up to 24 weeks of gestation for subsequent measurement of serum VitD levels using chemiluminescence, and PPD diagnosis was established using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus). Logistic regression models were applied and adjusted for potential confounders, such as maternal age, socioeconomic status, and history of depression during pregnancy. Results: In the adjusted model, deficient serum VitD levels were associated with a two-fold-higher likelihood of PPD diagnosis compared to insufficient\/sufficient VitD levels (\u226520 \u00b5g\/mL) (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.0\u20134.2; p = 0.049). Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential role of VitD in maternal mental health and support the importance of monitoring VitD status during pregnancy. From a public health standpoint, ensuring adequate vitamin D levels in prenatal care may contribute to reducing the burden of postpartum depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:33:06Z","timestamp":1763739186000},"page":"3649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency During Pregnancy Is Associated with Postpartum Depression: A Cohort Study in Southern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Luis Ot\u00e1vio Lobo","family":"Centeno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Longoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica Puchalski","family":"Trettim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9671-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabela Thurow","family":"Lemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3828-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andressa Schneider","family":"Lobato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Passos","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Djiovana","family":"Zanini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago Falson","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduarda Neutzling","family":"Drawanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Teixeira","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana Bonati","family":"de Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-4333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana de Avila","family":"Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1764-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Ghisleni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diogo Onofre","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Tavares","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1953-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Martimbianco","family":"de Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Health and Behavior, Center of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences, Catholic University of Pelotas (UCPel), Pelotas 96015-560, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20865","article-title":"Interventions to prevent perinatal depression: Evidence report and systematic review for 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