{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:55:54Z","timestamp":1764086154464,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Health Lung and Blood Institute of the NIH Office of the Director","award":["5R01HL156518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01HL156518"]}]},{"name":"Office of Research and Development, Health Services Research and Development"},{"name":"Washington DC VA Medical Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Individuals with heart failure (HF) are at increased risk of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium supplements are widely available and being used without clear evidence of efficacy in HF. Methods: We emulated a target trial to assess the association between magnesium supplements and adverse outcomes in U.S. veterans with newly diagnosed HF. Eligible patients were outpatients who received ambulatory care in the Veterans Health Administration between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2020. Veterans with a hospitalization within 30 days prior to the eligible date, previous magnesium supplement or replacement use, or end-stage renal disease were ineligible for the trial. Initial self-reported magnesium supplement use (measured at eligible date) was identified in medical records using natural language processing and then checked repeatedly to confirm continuous use. The outcome was all-cause hospitalization or death. Patients were followed for up to five years from the eligible date and were censored if they changed from the assigned treatment strategy or initiated prescribed magnesium replacement. We applied inverse probability treatment weighting and Cox\u2019s regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs), with sensitivity analyses in patients surviving \u2265 6 months and those with continuous documentation of magnesium supplement use. Results: We enrolled 9900 magnesium supplement users and 9900 matched non-users. In the weighted cohort (mean age 72.6 years; 12.6% African American; 3.4% women; median follow-up 0.7 years), users had significantly better survival in both primary and sensitivity analyses (HR in primary analysis: 0.81 [0.77\u20130.86], p &lt; 0.0001; HRs in sensitivity analyses: 0.91 [0.85\u20130.97], p = 0.0025 and 0.77 [0.72\u20130.82], p &lt; 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: magnesium supplement use was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality or hospitalization among veterans with HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:29:47Z","timestamp":1764084587000},"page":"3687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Over-the-Counter Magnesium Supplement Use and Health Outcomes in Veterans with Newly Diagnosed Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7189-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1673-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Zullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transformative Health Systems Research to Improve Veteran Equity and Independence (THRIVE) Center of Innovation, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI 02908, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2156-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijun","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senait","family":"Tekle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zeng-Treitler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research and Leadership, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA"},{"name":"Washington DC VA Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2834-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chih","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transformative Health Systems Research to Improve Veteran Equity and Independence (THRIVE) Center of Innovation, VA Providence Healthcare System, Providence, RI 02908, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404136","article-title":"Magnesium and glucose homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Paolisso","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(96)90253-7","article-title":"Significance of magnesium in congestive heart failure","volume":"132","author":"Douban","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. 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