{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T20:18:07Z","timestamp":1779135487030,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction\/Objectives: Ginsenoside F1, a pharmacologically active saponin derived from Panax ginseng, exhibits diverse bioactivities, but its use is limited because it is difficult to purify and has high production costs. To overcome these challenges, a ginsenoside F1-enriched extract named SGB121 was developed. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SGB121 in a high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) mouse model and to elucidate its mechanism of action using F1-based cellular assays. Methods: Male C57BL\/6 mice (6 weeks old) were fed an HFHC diet to induce MAFLD and were treated with SGB121. Hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress markers, and metabolic parameters were analyzed. In parallel, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells exposed to free fatty acids (FFAs) were used to assess oxidative stress and lipid accumulation. Mechanistic studies were conducted using purified F1 to examine adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and related pathways. Results: SGB121 reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and fasting insulin while restoring glutathione (GSH) content and improving the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in MAFLD mice. In FFA-treated HepG2 cells, both SGB121 and F1 decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS), suppressed sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b1 (PPAR\u03b1) and \u03b2-oxidation, and restored insulin receptor substrate (IRS)\/protein kinase B (Akt)\/glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) signaling. Conclusions: SGB121 ameliorates MAFLD and related metabolic dysfunction through antioxidant, lipid-regulating, and insulin-sensitizing actions, highlighting its potential as a safe multifunctional nutraceutical for MAFLD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T15:29:47Z","timestamp":1764084587000},"page":"3693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protective Role of Ginsenoside F1-Enriched Extract (SGB121) in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Bo Yoon","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan-si 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellonix Co. Ltd., 84, Gukgasikpum-ro, Wanggung-myeon, Iksan-si 54576, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyungmin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellonix Co. Ltd., 84, Gukgasikpum-ro, Wanggung-myeon, Iksan-si 54576, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunchang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan-si 54538, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118468","article-title":"Pueraria lobata antioxidant extract ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver by altering hepatic fat accumulation and oxidative stress","volume":"333","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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