{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T12:06:15Z","timestamp":1764245175383,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Phytochemicals from Chaenomeles japonica (CJ) (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach, a plant belonging to the Rosaceae family, are recognized for their potential to inhibit enzymes associated with diabetes, obesity, neurodegeneration, and inflammation. However, the influence of constituents from different plant parts on cytokine secretion has not yet been explored or comparatively analyzed. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of CJ by assessing its effects on chemokine and cytokine secretion, including interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, and IL-10. Extracts from various plant parts (fruit, seed, flower, and leaf) were examined for their ability to modulate cytokine production in human neutrophils (PMNs). Among them, the aqueous fruit extract exhibited the strongest activity and was subsequently tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the human intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2. The extract was also subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion to assess the stability and bioactivity of its metabolites. The phytochemical composition of CJ preparations was characterized by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-MS\/MS). Results: The aqueous fruit extract significantly reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines across all tested models. Fractions obtained after in vitro digestion also inhibited IL-8 release in Caco-2 cells. Conclusions: The most active fractions were rich in flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins. These findings indicate that CJ fruit possesses notable anti-cytokine properties and may serve as a promising natural source for developing functional food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T11:50:13Z","timestamp":1764244213000},"page":"3716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bio-Assay-Guided Study of Chaenomeles japonica\u2013Cytokine Modulation by Fruit Aqueous Extract In Vitro in Connection with Its Processing with Enzymatic and Microbial Additives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Agata J.","family":"Ol\u0119dzka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Scientific Association, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dariia","family":"Hovtvian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9545-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleh","family":"Koshovyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, National University of Pharmacy, 53 Pushkinska Str., 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika E.","family":"Czerwi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marat, N., Danowska-Oziewicz, M., and Narwojsz, A. 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