{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T09:03:54Z","timestamp":1776243834086,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre at the University of Sydney"},{"name":"Western Sydney Local Health District Research Education Network"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The PROMOTE cohort study is a prospective pregnancy cohort study that seeks to improve the understanding of cardiometabolic risk and determinants, such as diet, during pregnancy in a multi-ethnic population. Increasing age and obesity has resulted in an increased risk of cardiometabolic complications during pregnancy, including gestational diabetes. Trials of lifestyle interventions have so far produced mixed results, partly due to a wide variation in the methods, duration, adherence and type of dietary intervention. There is a need for high quality data about dietary habits in pregnancy, particularly in multi-ethnic populations. Objectives: In this study, we report the dietary habits of women in early pregnancy in the population of interest. We report early data seeking to assess the relationship between dietary patterns and risks of gestational diabetes. Methods and analysis: The PROMOTE cohort study is a prospective pregnancy cohort study recruiting pregnant participants with &lt;16 weeks gestation in an area of high social and cultural diversity in western Sydney, Australia. The participants are surveyed about their physical activity levels, diet quality, emotional wellbeing and sociodemographic status using validated tools. Participants have consented to the use of routinely collected clinical and social data, including medical conditions, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP) and glycaemia. The follow-up is from routinely collected data. This paper presents dietary data. Results: A total of 459 participants were recruited (n = 459), including 416 with GDM data available, at the conclusion of the first 2 years of recruitment. No participants met national dietary guideline recommendations. Fifty-six participants (n = 56, 13%) met a pragmatic composite standard of favourable diet, defined as two servings of vegetables and two servings of fruit per day, with a maximum of one discretionary serving per day. Over half the participants (n = 215, 51%) reported an adequate daily fruit intake. In total, 7 participants ate at least five servings of vegetables per day (n = 7, 1.7%), 61 participants (14.7%) ate three or more servings of vegetables per day and 212 (51.2%) participants reported one discretionary item per day. The data suggest that few women meet dietary recommendations in pregnancy. The association between dietary habits and GDM was unable to be assessed. The study was underpowered to detect an association due to the highly skewed distribution of dietary patterns in our population. Conclusions: The uptake of dietary recommendations was very low in our sample. This represents a major population health concern. Multi-level approaches are urgently needed to address poor dietary habits in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1764318417000},"page":"3729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Habits in Early Pregnancy in a Multi-Ethnic Population: Results from the PROMOTE Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ania","family":"Samarawickrama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"General Practice Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Elhindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4151-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon","family":"Rhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Specialty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Melov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Institute for Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"McNab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"McLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Specialty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6323-8006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngai","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Specialty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7522-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Usherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"General Practice Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"George Institute for Global Health, Sydney 2000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-7221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Flood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"University Centre for Rural Health, Northern Rivers Rural Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Lismore 2480, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-1006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dharmintra","family":"Pasupathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Perinatal Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Specialty of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Neonatology, Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Sydney 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the PROMOTE Cohort Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Andres, 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