{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:01:58Z","timestamp":1791547318544,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Government of Japan","award":["#21FA1002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#21FA1002"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Government of Japan","award":["#22FA2001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#22FA2001"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Government of Japan","award":["#24FA1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#24FA1001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Non-restorative sleep (NRS)\u2014a subjective feeling of unrefreshing\/insufficient rest despite adequate sleep duration\u2014an important sleep-quality indicator is associated with depression and mortality. We examined whether insoluble dietary fiber intake is associated with NRS in Japanese adults, after adjusting for socioeconomic, lifestyle, and dietary factors. Methods: Using cross-sectional data from 5034 adult (\u226520 years) respondents of the National Health and Nutrition Surveys (2014 and 2018), Japan, self-assessed NRS (coded as 1, absence as 0) was analyzed with insoluble fiber intake (g\/1000 kcal) modeled as a continuous variable; logistic regression analyses with progressive adjustments included Model 1, adjusted for sex, age, and body mass index; Model 2, comprising socioeconomic and lifestyle factors; Model 3, adjusted for sleep duration; and Model 4, which included dietary energy, protein, fat, vitamin D, and magnesium. Results: Among 19.3% of participants with NRS, the median (interquartile range) insoluble dietary fiber intake was 5.45 (4.10\u20136.97) g\/1000 kcal, with higher NRS prevalence among younger adults (&lt;60 years), non-drinkers (no habitual alcohol consumption), and individuals with short sleep (&lt;6 h). Higher insoluble dietary fiber intake was consistently associated with a lower NRS likelihood, before and after adjustment for potential confounders. In the fully adjusted model, younger age (&lt;60 years), no habitual alcohol consumption, and short sleep (&lt;6 h) were independently associated with greater odds of NRS. Conclusions: Higher insoluble dietary fiber density correlated with lower odds of NRS, indicating a significant association, rather than causation, that warrants longitudinal clarification of the temporal relationship between dietary fiber intake and perceived sleep restorativeness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:44:28Z","timestamp":1764751468000},"page":"3749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relationship Between Insoluble Dietary Fiber Intake and Non-Restorative Sleep in Japanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the NHNS Japan, 2014 and 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Momo","family":"Fushimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Social Services\/School of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, 820 Sannomiya, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7320-2848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aoi","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4673-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Utsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6497-2835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Nagao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4538-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayano","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Aritake-Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health and Social Services\/School of Health Sciences, Saitama Prefectural University, 820 Sannomiya, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-8540, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-8167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Yoshiike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichi","family":"Kuriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep\u2013Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.08.006","article-title":"Short sleep duration and health outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"32","author":"Itani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2019.01.008","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep disturbances: Sleep disordered 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