{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T21:30:34Z","timestamp":1774128634545,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. (C. gladiata) has been used in traditional medicine to treat suppurative inflammatory conditions. Its antibacterial activity against oral pathogens and potential use as a non-alcoholic mouthwash have also been reported. This study aimed to elucidate the biological activity of Con A from C. gladiata, evaluate nitric oxide (NO) production induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), and as-sess its potential association with periodontal inflammation. Methods: In this study, a 0.5 M NaCl extract of C. gladiata (CGENa) was prepared, and its protein content was quantified. The Concanavalin A equivalent (Con Aeq.) of CGENa was determined via a hemagglutination assay, and its effect on NO production was evaluated in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS-A.a.) derived from A. actinomycetemcomitans. LPS was extracted from six A. actinomycetemcomitans strains and used to induce inflammatory activation. Result: CGENa treatment significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production at concentrations below 6.25 \u03bcg\/mL without cytotoxic effects, suggesting an anti-inflammatory potential associated with lectin-like components. Conclusions: These results suggest that C. gladiata extract suppresses LPS-A.a.-mediated macrophage activation. Further studies are required to determine whether Con A specifically mediates this response and to evaluate its therapeutic relevance in the context of periodontal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"3764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inhibitory Effect of Canavalia gladiata Extract on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans LPS Induced Nitric Oxide in Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eun-Sook","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, Wonkwang University, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8375-2413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Seong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, Wonkwang University, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jooyi","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang-Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunol, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7754-3033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Ouk","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, Wonkwang University, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan City 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Suppression of colon cancer by administration of Canavalia gladiata D.C. and Arctium lappa L., Redix extracts in tumor-bearing mice model","volume":"32","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J. Herbol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.10.030","article-title":"Canavanine content in sword bean (Canavalia gladiata): Analysis and effect of processing","volume":"45","author":"Ekanayake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"578","article-title":"Purification and biochemical characterization of lectin from Viscum album","volume":"14","author":"Jang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Korean J. Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2016.1164587","article-title":"Precipitation of sword bean proteins by heating and addition of magnesium chloride in a crude extract","volume":"80","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.11002\/kjfp.2020.27.3.385","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of coffee added with sword bean","volume":"27","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Preserv."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"237","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of a mixture of coffee and sword bean extracts","volume":"52","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2020.4733","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Immature Sword Bean Pod (Canavalia gladiata) in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW264.7 Cells","volume":"23","author":"Hwang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Food."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3779","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S519102","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Use, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicity of Canavalia gladiata","volume":"19","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2005.03.109","article-title":"Antiangiogenic activity of 4-O-methylgallic acid from Canavalia gladiata, dietary legume","volume":"330","author":"Jeon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"7","article-title":"Effect of aqueous extract of Canavalia ensiformis seeds on hyperlipidaemia and hyperketonaemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats","volume":"15","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biokemistri"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.9721\/KJFST.2013.45.6.777","article-title":"Isolation and identification of antioxidants from methanol extract of sword bean (Canavalia gladiata)","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500800","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of Canavalia gladiata in macrophage cells and DSS-induced colitis mouse model","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"268","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Antimicrobial Substance from Canavalia gladiata","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.13103\/JFHS.2014.29.4.376","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities of Sword Bean (Canavalia gladiata) Extracts Against Food Poisoning Bacteria","volume":"29","author":"Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Hyg. Saf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.30579\/mbse.2018.1.1.11","article-title":"Antioxidant, Skin Whitening, and Antibacterial Effects of Canavalia gladiata Extracts","volume":"1","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12166","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of sword bean extract on alveolar bone resorption induced in rats by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection","volume":"49","author":"Nakatsuka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1995.tb00030.x","article-title":"The immunopathology of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease","volume":"10","author":"Sosroseno","year":"1995","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(97)01055-X","article-title":"The role of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease","volume":"5","author":"Meyer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00508.x","article-title":"Cytokine-inducing components of periodontopathogenic bacteria","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6713.2004.003559.x","article-title":"Antigens of bacteria associated with periodontitis","volume":"35","author":"Veith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910608500306","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of a high-molecular-weight cranberry fraction on macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides from periodontopathogens","volume":"85","author":"Bodet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0909-8836.1998.eos106107.x","article-title":"LPS from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and production of nitric oxide in murine macrophages J774","volume":"106","author":"Blix","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, P.C., Ochoa, A.C., and Al Khami, A.A. (2017). Arginine metabolism in myeloid cells shapes innate and adaptive immunity. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00093"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12338","article-title":"Smoking and gingivitis: Focus on inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide and basic fibroblast growth factor","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-015-0288-9","article-title":"Uncoupling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in gingival tissue of type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"39","author":"Lucarini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2004.12.002","article-title":"Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates bone development and P. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss","volume":"36","author":"Gyurko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510391792","article-title":"The role of iNOS and PHOX in periapical bone resorption","volume":"90","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12119","article-title":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent immunoregulator of the periodontal host defense system and alveolar bone homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Herbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e12","article-title":"Assessment of hemagglutination activity of porcine deltacoronavirus","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s002109900150","article-title":"Co-regulation between cyclo-oxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in the time course of murine inflammation","volume":"361","author":"Posadas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6215(00)90614-1","article-title":"Purification and characterization of Canavalia gladiata agglutinin","volume":"213","author":"Kojima","year":"1991","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Y., Yang, X., Li, C., and Song, Z. (2022). The oral microbiota: Community composition, influencing factors, pathogenesis, and interventions. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.895537"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.17.5.511","article-title":"Bacterial endocarditis due to an Actinobacillus","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00794.x","article-title":"Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans endocarditis","volume":"10","author":"Paturel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00f8rskov-Lauritsen, N., Claesson, R., Jensen, A.B., \u00c5berg, C.H., and Haubek, D. (2019). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: Clinical significance of a pathobiont subjected to ample changes in classification and nomenclature. Pathogens, 8.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201910.0042.v1"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00161.x","article-title":"Virulence factors of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans","volume":"20","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00410.x","article-title":"Lack of toll-like receptor 4 decreases lipopolysaccharide-induced bone resorption in C3H\/HeJ mice in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12075","article-title":"Systemic antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis","volume":"67","author":"Feres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mensah, A., Rodgers, A.M., Larra\u00f1eta, E., McMullan, L., Tambuwala, M., Callan, J.F., and Courtenay, A.J. (2023). Treatment of periodontal infections: The possible role of hydrogels as antibiotic drug-delivery systems. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061073"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.01.008","article-title":"Concanavalin A for in vivo glucose sensing: A biotoxicity review","volume":"22","author":"Ballerstadt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"562","article-title":"The role of nitric oxide on cataractogenesis in uveitis model induced by concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Korean Ophthalmol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2006.11.014","article-title":"Concanavalin A induced expression of toll-like receptors in murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Sodhi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1999.1494","article-title":"Lectin-induced nitric oxide production","volume":"194","author":"Andrade","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050419","article-title":"Protective effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins against oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharides of periodontopathogens","volume":"77","author":"Vanessa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00091.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide production by a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans","volume":"17","author":"Sosroseno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/23\/3764\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:42:30Z","timestamp":1764758550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/23\/3764"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17233764"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17233764","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]}}}