{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:33:44Z","timestamp":1778600024061,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Physical activity (PA) and energy intake (EI) are central targets of community initiatives to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity. The general effects of PA and EI in influencing energy balance and body composition are clear. However, the independent impacts of PA and EI on the adiposity of children growing up amidst westernized lifestyles are inconclusive, as few studies have employed sufficiently robust methodology to provide solid independent associative data. Methods: We carried out a systematic review of the research addressing the independent associations of adiposity with each of PA and EI in free-living town or city-dwelling children and adolescents. Acceptable publications included objective measures of fat mass and PA, best standard practice EI assessments, and appropriate statistical modeling. Results: Of approximately 700 publications explored, only four satisfied all the pre-set methodological standards. All four studies involved predominantly White participants from westernized cities and had the same outcomes. Adiposity was strongly independently and negatively related to PA, but there was no evidence of any independent relationship between adiposity and EI. Potential misreporting was considered, especially under-reporting by participants with greater adiposity, butpost-hoc assessments were unable to find any evidence that this influenced the outcomes. Conclusions: In general, children with higher adiposity consumed no more food and beverage energy than their leaner counterparts, but they were less active. However, despite some support for the validity of the commonly used and validated EI assessments, their subjective nature raises the possibility that inaccuracy masked relationships. Additional well-designed research is needed, and notwithstanding the vital role that sound nutrition plays in the healthy development of our youth, the consistency of outcomes of the well-executed studies in this review suggests that campaigns targeting youth obesity would benefit from strategies focusing strongly on increasing PA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"3779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Do Physical Activity and Diet Independently Account for Variation in Body Fat in Children and Adolescents? A Systematic Review Unpacking the Roles of Exercise and Diet in Childhood Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4485-9362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard D.","family":"Telford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia"},{"name":"Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisitha","family":"Jayasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Newcastle NE1 1EN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-6640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuala M.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, UTAS Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1723-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan M.","family":"Telford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6849-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Hills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, UTAS Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00435-4","article-title":"Child and adolescent obesity","volume":"9","author":"Lister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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