{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:26:58Z","timestamp":1792063618669,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten exposure in genetically predisposed individuals. Beyond gastrointestinal symptoms, CD is increasingly recognized to affect extraintestinal organs, including the eye. Methods: A PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus databases search up to April 2025 was conducted to identify studies on ocular involvement in CD. Results: Large population-based cohorts have demonstrated an increased risk of cataract and uveitis in individuals with CD. Cross-sectional and case\u2013control studies further report reduced tear break-up time and decreased Schirmer test values, indicating tear film instability and associated ocular surface abnormalities. Additional findings include reduced anterior chamber depth and volume, alterations in subfoveal and peripapillary choroidal thickness, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and microvascular changes such as reduced superficial and deep capillary plexus densities. Furthermore, deficiencies of vitamins A, D, B12, and iron have been consistently associated with structural and functional ocular alterations, underscoring the contribution of impaired nutrient absorption. Conclusions: Ocular involvement in CD likely reflects the interplay of immune dysregulation, nutritional deficiencies, and microvascular alterations. Ophthalmic referrals should be considered in CD patients presenting with ocular symptoms. Early recognition and regular monitoring may facilitate timely diagnosis, improve visual outcomes, and support normal ocular development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T10:34:01Z","timestamp":1764758041000},"page":"3781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ocular Manifestations of Celiac Disease: Current Evidence and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9122-3390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Senterkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, ul. Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Szaflarska-Pop\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Function Testing, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1332-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej J.","family":"Ka\u0142u\u017cny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31796-8","article-title":"Coeliac Disease","volume":"391","author":"Lebwohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.06.037","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Celiac Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2025.2462245","article-title":"Serological Testing for Celiac Disease in Children","volume":"19","author":"Repo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Gastroenterol. 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