{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:28:38Z","timestamp":1789039718433,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82174256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"Program of China Scholarships Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["202206785007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206785007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive liver condition closely associated with gut microbial dysbiosis and hepatic metabolic abnormalities. Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP), a bioactive component derived from the medicinal fungus Poria cocos, possesses hepatoprotective properties, yet the therapeutic mechanisms of PCP in NASH, particularly those involving microbial and metabolic regulation, remain incompletely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PCP on improving NASH and explore its mechanisms related to prebiotic activity. Methods: Mice were induced to develop NASH using a Western diet, followed by PCP intervention for 12 weeks. Hepatic function, including liver enzymes and lipids, glucose metabolism, and liver histopathological changes, was assessed. Fatigue and neurobehavioral alterations were evaluated via rotarod, open field, and tail suspension tests. Hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured using RT-qPCR. Gut microbiota were analyzed through 16S RNA gene sequencing, and metabolites of liver tissue were analyzed through untargeted metabolomics. Results: PCP decreased blood glucose and hepatic lipid levels in NASH mice, alleviating liver inflammation, ballooning degeneration, and fibrosis. It also improved fatigue-like performance on rotarod test and reduced the hepatic expression of IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-18. Microbiota analysis revealed that PCP restored gut microbial diversity, promoted the growth of beneficial taxa such as Alistipes and Butyricoccaceae_UCG-009, and inhibited harmful bacteria, including Romboutsia ilealis. Liver metabolomics showed that PCP normalized key metabolites like taurocholate and regulated taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, which were correlated with reduced inflammation, fatigue-like performance, and fibrosis. Conclusions: PCP, as a promising edible agent, alleviates hepatic damage, metabolic disorders, and fatigue-like performance on rotarod test in NASH mice, probably by reshaping gut microbiota and modulating hepatic taurine and hypotaurine metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17233797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T16:47:37Z","timestamp":1764780457000},"page":"3797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modulation of Gut Microbes and Hepatic Metabolites by PCP Ameliorates NASH and Fatigue-like Performance in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1830-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6634-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianmei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanfei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongliang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0167-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8750-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2980-6622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanyi","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4631-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiru","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4122-2473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenli","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0470-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinji","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"},{"name":"Health Science Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","article-title":"The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): A systematic review","volume":"77","author":"Younossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100115","DOI":"10.1136\/egastro-2024-100115","article-title":"Mechanistic role of long non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Wade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17833","article-title":"Global perspective on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis\u2013prevalence, clinical impact, economic implications and management strategies","volume":"59","author":"Golabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Qiu, W., Liu, L., Ning, A., Cao, J., Huang, M., and Zhong, M. (2020). Polysaccharides isolated from cordyceps sinensis contribute to the progression of NASH by modifying the gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232972"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.056","article-title":"The antiviral activity of polysaccharides and their derivatives","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c1lvarez-Mercado, A.I., and Plaza-Diaz, J. (2022). Dietary polysaccharides as modulators of the gut microbiota ecosystem: An update on their impact on health. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194116"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, A.-J., Hu, R.-K., Wu, L.-X., Lv, X.-C., Li, X., Zhao, L.-N., and Liu, B. (2020). Ganoderma polysaccharide and chitosan synergistically ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders and modulate gut microbiota composition in high fat diet-fed golden hamsters. J. Food Biochem., 44.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13109"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-024-01454-x","article-title":"Peptidoglycan isolated from the fruit of lycium barbarum alleviates liver fibrosis in mice by regulating the TGF-\u03b2\/Smad7 signaling and gut microbiota","volume":"46","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113456","article-title":"The effect of Poria cocos ethanol extract on the intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in mice with breast cancer","volume":"266","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31008","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA04005H","article-title":"Preparation, structure and application of polysaccharides from Poria cocos","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, F., Zhang, L., Feng, X., Ibrahim, S.A., Huang, W., and Liu, Y. (2021). Immunomodulatory activity of carboxymethyl pachymaran on immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195733"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, J.W., Lee, H.H., Han, M.H., Kim, G.Y., Hong, S.H., Park, C., and Choi, Y.H. (2014). Ethanol extract of Poria cocos reduces the production of inflammatory mediators by suppressing the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-14-101"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Wang, S., Jiang, Y., Wu, J., Chen, L., Ding, Y., Zhou, Y., Deng, L., and Chen, X. (2023). Poria cocos polysaccharide ameliorated antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice via regulating the homeostasis of the gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021423"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116671","article-title":"Poria cocos polysaccharides alleviate obesity-related adipose tissue insulin resistance via gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids activation of FGF21\/PI3K\/AKT signaling","volume":"215","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.011","article-title":"A simple diet- and chemical-induced murine NASH model with rapid progression of steatohepatitis, fibrosis and liver cancer","volume":"69","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"A51","article-title":"IDDF2025-ABS-0168 Altered gut microbiota contributes to intervention effects of PCP on NASH and related fatigue through liver metabolites","volume":"74","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117371","article-title":"Structural characterization and immunological activity of pectin polysaccharide from kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) peels","volume":"254","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.01.122","article-title":"High-cholesterol diet promotes depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice by impact gut microbe and neuroinflammation","volume":"327","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"659","article-title":"Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited","volume":"22","author":"Nihal","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.019","article-title":"Chronic stress remodels synapses in an amygdala circuit-specific manner","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02765-2","article-title":"Stellate ganglion block ameliorated central post-stroke pain with comorbid anxiety and depression through inhibiting HIF-1\u03b1\/NLRP3 signaling following thalamic hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.02.001","article-title":"CB2R activation ameliorates late adolescent chronic alcohol exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in prefrontal cortex microglia in mice","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02400-6","article-title":"Edaravone ameliorates depressive and anxiety-like behaviors via Sirt1\/Nrf2\/HO-1\/Gpx4 pathway","volume":"19","author":"Dang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.009","article-title":"The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: Review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice","volume":"29","author":"Cryan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"55491","article-title":"Battery of behavioral tests assessing general locomotion, muscular strength, and coordination in mice","volume":"131","author":"Osmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp. JoVE"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01182J","article-title":"Anti-fatigue effect of anwulignan via the NRF2 and PGC-1\u03b1 signaling pathway in mice","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-17-000161","article-title":"Effects of various cleaning agents on the performance of mice in behavioral assays of anxiety","volume":"57","author":"Hershey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci. JAALAS"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20701","article-title":"Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"41","author":"Kleiner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ondov, B.D., Bergman, N.H., and Phillippy, A.M. (2011). Interactive metagenomic visualization in a web browser. BMC Bioinform., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-385"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W.S., and Huttenhower, C. (2011). Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1635","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1635","article-title":"Statistical methods for gene-environment interaction analysis","volume":"16","author":"Miao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, D., Kim, Y.J., Lee, W.K., Choi, B.R., Oh, S.M., Lee, Y.S., Kim, J.K., and Lee, D.Y. (2020). Metabolic changes in serum metabolome of beagle dogs fed black ginseng. Metabolites, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10120517"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.1.29","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"27","author":"Ogata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"19","article-title":"The need to report effect size estimates revisited. An overview of some recommended measures of effect size","volume":"1","author":"Tomczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117559","article-title":"Fractionation, chemical characterization and immunostimulatory activity of \u03b2-glucan and galactoglucan from Russula vinosa lindblad","volume":"256","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130089","article-title":"Extraction, structural analysis, derivatization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Chinese yam","volume":"361","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.08.002","article-title":"Resistant starch decreases intrahepatic triglycerides in patients with NAFLD via gut microbiome alterations","volume":"35","author":"Ni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.129176","article-title":"Microplastic particles alter wheat rhizosphere soil microbial community composition and function","volume":"436","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C., Wu, S., Liang, Z., Zhang, J., Lei, X., Bai, H., Liang, G., Su, X., Chen, X., and Wang, P. (2024). Multi-omics reveal mechanisms of high enteral starch diet mediated colonic dysbiosis via microbiome-host interactions in young ruminant. Microbiome, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01760-w"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jinato, T., Chayanupatkul, M., Dissayabutra, T., Chutaputti, A., Tangkijvanich, P., and Chuaypen, N. (2022). Litchi-derived polyphenol alleviates liver steatosis and gut dysbiosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142921"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0009-6","article-title":"Triggering and resolution of inflammation in NASH","volume":"15","author":"Schuster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.03.038","article-title":"An integrated view of anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic targets for the treatment of NASH","volume":"79","author":"Tacke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03011-w","article-title":"The links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"76","author":"Safari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.85","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD","volume":"13","author":"Leung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118172","article-title":"The structure elucidation of novel arabinogalactan LRP1-S2 against pancreatic cancer cells growth In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"267","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.121637","article-title":"Inulin-like polysaccharide ABWW may impede CCl4 induced hepatic stellate cell activation through mediating the FAK\/PI3K\/AKT signaling pathway In Vitro & In Vivo","volume":"326","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: Pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20313-x","article-title":"Transkingdom interactions between lactobacilli and hepatic mitochondria attenuate western diet-induced diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E661","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00065.2023","article-title":"The metabolic benefits of substituting sucrose for maple syrup are associated with a shift in carbohydrate digestion and gut microbiota composition in high-fat high-sucrose diet-fed mice","volume":"325","author":"Morissette","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"154208","article-title":"The improvement of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by Poria cocos polysaccharides associated with gut microbiota and NF-\u03baB\/CCL3\/CCR1 axis","volume":"103","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.117979","article-title":"Structural characterization and hepatoprotective activity of a galactoglucan from Poria cocos","volume":"263","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Huang, J., Sun, M., Jiang, Y., Wang, S., Wang, L., Yu, N., Peng, D., Wang, Y., and Chen, W. (2023). Poria cocos polysaccharide improves intestinal barrier function and maintains intestinal homeostasis in mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 249.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125953"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13564","article-title":"Molecular basis for Poria cocos mushroom polysaccharide used as an antitumour drug in China","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6980","article-title":"Poria cocos polysaccharides reduces high-fat diet-induced arteriosclerosis in ApoE-\/- mice by inhibiting inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.107","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effects exerted by Poria cocos polysaccharides against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1966738","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Focusing on the gut-liver axis","volume":"63","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03424G","article-title":"Poria cocos oligosaccharides ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice by regulating gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Lan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01418-7","article-title":"Parabacteroides distasonis uses dietary inulin to suppress NASH via its metabolite pentadecanoic acid","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3698","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3698","article-title":"Genomic and functional analysis of romboutsia ilealis CRIBT reveals adaptation to the small intestine","volume":"5","author":"Gerritsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C.-H., Li, Y.-X., Xu, Y.-C., Wang, N.-N., Yan, Q.-J., and Jiang, Z.-Q. (2023). Tamarind xyloglucan oligosaccharides attenuate metabolic disorders via the gut-liver axis in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12071382"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1944","article-title":"Insights from shotgun metagenomics into bacterial species and metabolic pathways associated with NAFLD in obese youth","volume":"6","author":"Testerman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00263D","article-title":"A sulfated polysaccharide from gracilaria lemaneiformis regulates cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in high-fat diet mice","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Zeng, F., Huang, Y., and Liu, B. (2019). The positive effects of grifola frondosa heteropolysaccharide on NAFLD and regulation of the gut microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215302"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, B.J., Wearsch, P.A., Veloo, A.C.M., and Rodriguez-Palacios, A. (2020). The genus alistipes: Gut bacteria with emerging implications to inflammation, cancer, and mental health. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52097-9","article-title":"Gut metagenomes of asian octogenarians reveal metabolic potential expansion and distinct microbial species associated with aging phenotypes","volume":"15","author":"Ravikrishnan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomann, A.K., W\u00fcstenberg, T., Wirbel, J., Knoedler, L.-L., Thomann, P.A., Zeller, G., Ebert, M.P., Lis, S., and Reindl, W. (2022). Depression and fatigue in active IBD from a microbiome perspective-a bayesian approach to faecal metagenomics. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02550-7"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Wang, Y., Li, M., Mu, H., Tan, C., Wang, M., Zhang, F., Sheng, J., Tian, Y., and Zhao, C. (2025). Identification and anti-fatigue activity of walnut protein hydrolysate. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061002"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Gao, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, L., Fang, X., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., and Sun, Y. (2022). Sodium alginate prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the gut-liver axis in high-fat diet-fed rats. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14224846"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessoa, J., Belew, G.D., Barroso, C., Egas, C., and Jones, J.G. (2023). The gut microbiome responds progressively to fat and\/or sugar-rich diets and is differentially modified by dietary fat and sugar. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092097"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duszka, K. (2022). Versatile triad alliance: Bile acid, taurine and microbiota. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152337"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)62043-4","article-title":"Subcellular and molecular mechanisms of bile secretion","volume":"135","author":"Burwen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.47371\/mycosci.2020.11.002","article-title":"Characterization and phytotoxicity of ophiobolins produced by bipolaris setariae","volume":"62","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoscience"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04319-w","article-title":"Macrophages evoke autophagy of hepatic stellate cells to promote liver fibrosis in NAFLD mice via the PGE2\/EP4 pathway","volume":"79","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/509282a","article-title":"NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies","volume":"509","author":"Clayton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez, G. (2016). Determining the stage of the estrous cycle in female mice by vaginal smear. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc., 2016.","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot094474"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baars, A., Oosting, A., Lohuis, M., Koehorst, M., El Aidy, S., Hugenholtz, F., Smidt, H., Mischke, M., Boekschoten, M.V., and Verkade, H.J. (2018). Sex differences in lipid metabolism are affected by presence of the gut microbiota. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31695-w"},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"61","article-title":"Women have a lower risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but a higher risk of progression vs men: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28514","article-title":"A longer duration of estrogen deficiency increases fibrosis risk among postmenopausal women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"64","author":"Klair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8511","article-title":"Effects of plant-derived dietary supplements on lipid profiles in menopausal women: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800870","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201800870","article-title":"Sex differences in the gut microbiota as potential determinants of gender predisposition to disease","volume":"63","author":"Haro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, S., Xu, Z.Z., Peddada, S., Amir, A., Bittinger, K., Gonzalez, A., Lozupone, C., Zaneveld, J.R., V\u00e1zquez-Baeza, Y., and Birmingham, A. (2017). Normalization and microbial differential abundance strategies depend upon data characteristics. Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0237-y"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/23\/3797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T05:17:44Z","timestamp":1764911864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/17\/23\/3797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu17233797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17233797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]}}}