{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:05:00Z","timestamp":1791547500200,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Diet\u2013microbiota interactions shape ageing; however, their sex-specific dimensions remain poorly defined. Human studies rarely stratify analyses by sex, while most evidence of sex-dependent microbial and metabolic responses comes from preclinical models. This review synthesizes current findings on the sex-specific pathways linking diet, microbiota, and healthy ageing. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by integrating human observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic animal research. Evidence was organized into four domains: (1) age-related changes in gut microbial composition; (2) microbiota-derived metabolites; (3) dietary patterns and functional nutrients; and (4) sex-specific endocrine and immunometabolism interactions influenced by the gut microbiota. Results: Ageing is characterized by dysbiosis, loss of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing taxa, expansion of Proteobacteria, and reduced production of key metabolites including butyrate, indoles, and polyamines. Dietary fiber, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, and plant-based proteins help restore these pathways and mitigate inflammaging. Sex differences persist into later life: women show reduced estrobolome activity and SCFA decline after menopause, whereas men display higher levels of pro-atherogenic metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Nutritional interventions, probiotics, and microbial metabolites exhibit sex-dependent responses in both human and animal studies. Conclusions: Diet\u2013microbiota interactions shape ageing outcomes through sex-specific metabolic, hormonal, and immunological pathways. Incorporating sex as a biological variable is essential for developing personalized, nutrition-based strategies to support healthy ageing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T14:52:24Z","timestamp":1765205544000},"page":"3833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sex-Specific Diet\u2013Microbiota Interactions in Ageing: Implications for Healthy Longevity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6495-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julieta","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Acosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc XVI, Tlalpan, M\u00e9xico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1292-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armando","family":"Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc XVI, Tlalpan, M\u00e9xico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimbe","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda de la Nutrici\u00f3n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas y Nutrici\u00f3n Salvador Zubir\u00e1n, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Colonia Belisario Dom\u00ednguez Secc XVI, Tlalpan, M\u00e9xico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00516-4","article-title":"The World Report on Ageing and Health: A Policy Framework for Healthy Ageing","volume":"387","author":"Beard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole, P.W. 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