{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:28:31Z","timestamp":1765376911023,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study investigated the potential beneficial effects of a probiotic candidate, Clostridium cochlearium 2316, in modulating physiological and metabolic markers in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO). Methods: C57BL\/6 DIO mice were assigned to three groups (ad libitum): standard low-fat control (LF, 10% fat), high-fat diet (HF, 60% fat), and high-fat diet supplemented with approximately one billion CFU\/day of CC2316 via daily oral gavage for 16 weeks. Results: After 16 weeks, the CC group exhibited 17.3% lower body weight gain (p &lt; 0.001) and significant fat mass decrease (p &lt; 0.0001) compared to HF mice. Serum biochemistry showed that CC2316 supplementation resulted in a 27.7% reduction in fasting blood glucose (p &lt; 0.05), a 58.4% reduction in fasting insulin (p &lt; 0.01), and an 89.4% improvement in HOMA-IR score (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, serum total cholesterol level decreased dramatically by 40.2% in the CC group (p &lt; 0.001). Despite a higher caloric absorption rate (p &lt; 0.001), CC mice demonstrated a significant beneficial shift in energy expenditure, characterized by an increased basal metabolic rate (p &lt; 0.05), higher energy expenditure (p &lt; 0.05), and an elevated respiratory quotient (RER) (p &lt; 0.05), alongside increased physical activity (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: This investigation strongly suggests that CC2316 supplementation mitigates the adverse effects of HFD-induced obesity by modulating whole-body energy metabolism, positioning it as a potential aid to lower risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. The precise mechanisms linking the gut microbiome to altered energy substrate utilization are discussed and suggested for further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T14:22:40Z","timestamp":1765376560000},"page":"3848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["C. cochlearium 2316 Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors via Enhanced Energy Expenditure and Glucose Homeostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paba","family":"Edirisuriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2739-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangqi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangming","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Soltanieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maesha","family":"Musarrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abdul","family":"Alim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4917-2332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zerui","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kequan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110001813","article-title":"Gut microbiota in obesity and metabolic disorders","volume":"69","author":"Sanz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. 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