{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T21:49:28Z","timestamp":1784324968416,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dysphagia negatively impacts quality of life and requires diets with specifically modified textures. The IDDSI (International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative) scale provides standardized criteria to ensure food safety. This research aims to explore and validate the IDDSI scale adapted to the consumption of foods developed with 3D printing in patients with dysphagia. Methodology: Different dishes were designed and validated using 3D printing and were evaluated by both healthcare professionals and people with dysphagia. In the second phase, participants analyzed their texture using the IDDSI scale. A mixed methodological approach was applied, combining quantitative data (from validated scales) and qualitative data (obtained through interviews and focus groups), ensuring methodological triangulation. Methods: In the first phase of the study, different dishes were cooked and designed using 3D printing technology and were previously evaluated by both healthcare professionals and people with dysphagia. In the second phase, all the dishes validated in the first phase were analyzed and classified according to their texture using the IDDSI. Results: A total of 24 dishes, backed by 204 validations, were determined to be suitable for people with dysphagia and compatible with 3D printing. According to the IDDSI analysis, 36% of these dishes were classified as level 3 (soft texture) and 64% as level 4 (thick pur\u00e9e), levels internationally recognized as safe and suitable for people with dysphagia and suitable for 3D printing. The application of the IDDSI scale eliminated ambiguities in the description of textures, facilitating clear communication between healthcare professionals, caregivers, people with dysphagia, and companies that produce 3D-printed foods, as well as the standardization of 3D food printing processes related to textures. The application of the IDDSI scale eliminated ambiguities in the description of textures, facilitating clear communication between healthcare professionals, caregivers, people with dysphagia, and companies producing 3D-printed food products. This enabled the standardization of 3D food printing processes and the definition of their textures. At the same time, 3D printing proved to be a viable and effective tool for customizing meals that are safe, appropriate, and sensorially appealing. Conclusions: The feasibility of combining the IDDSI scale with 3D printing to develop diets tailored to the needs of people with dysphagia is confirmed. This integrative approach represents an innovation in the field of nutrition for people with swallowing problems, especially in contexts with limited scientific evidence, combining the validation of modified textures with 3D printing technology. There are effective tools for producing safe, suitable and sensorially appealing meals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:15:08Z","timestamp":1765811708000},"page":"3925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integration of the IDDSI Scale into 3D Food Printing: A Strategy to Improve Food Safety and Quality of Life for People with Dysphagia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9371-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences at Manresa, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universit\u00e0ria 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Investigaci\u00f3n en Simulaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Transformativa (GRIST), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Salud de la Catalu\u00f1a Central (Iris-CC), Ctra. De Roda N\u00fam. 70, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4971-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartomeu","family":"Ayala M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Social Innovation, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universit\u00e0ria de Manresa, Fundaci\u00f3n Privada, Carrer Dr. Joan Soler, 1-3, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2329-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Giron\u00e9s Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Consorcio Sanitari de Terrassa, Carretera de Torrebonica, s\/n, 08227 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8723-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Molero Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rapid Diagnosis in Otolaryngology, Consorci Sanitari Integral, Hospital de Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Complex Hospitalari Universitari Mois\u00e8s Broggi, Carrer d\u2019Oriol Martorell, 12, 08970 Sant Joan Desp\u00ed, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9328-9477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Salido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences at Manresa, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universit\u00e0ria 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Investigaci\u00f3n en Simulaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Transformativa (GRIST), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Salud de la Catalu\u00f1a Central (Iris-CC), Ctra. De Roda N\u00fam. 70, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estel\u00b7la","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Baraldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences at Manresa, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Av. Universit\u00e0ria 4-6, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group in Investigaci\u00f3n en Simulaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Transformativa (GRIST), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n en Ciencias de la Vida y de la Salud de la Catalu\u00f1a Central (Iris-CC), Ctra. De Roda N\u00fam. 70, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Intensive Care Unit, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universit\u00e0ria de Manresa, Fundaci\u00f3 Privada, Carrer Dr. Joan Soler, 1-3, 08242 Manresa, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3647-2782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yirsa","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Passeig Vall d\u2019Hebron, 171 Campus Mundet, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Carrerde la Laura, 13, 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, C.R., S\u00e1nchez, A.I.C., and Bez\u00f3n, C.G. 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