{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:20:10Z","timestamp":1788888010446,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies remain significant public health burdens among Indonesian children under five years of age. This study assessed the relationship between growth indicators and micronutrient status of children aged 0\u201359 months. Methods: A cross-sectional design was performed, utilizing the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) data and biological specimens, including 550 samples from children aged between 0 and 59 months old. The Riskesdas data used in this study were demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and nutritional status. The biological samples were used to measure micronutrients (iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A (VA), and vitamin D (VD). Results: Overall, 23.1% of children were stunted, and 10.5% were wasted. This study also revealed that the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency was 34.2%, 38.7%, 8.2%, 7.8%, and 0.4% for ferritin, zinc, calcium, VA, and VD, respectively. Moreover, wasting was significantly higher in girls (13.5%) than in boys (8.2%, p = 0.044). Stunted children had significantly lower ferritin values, while wasted children had lower VA concentrations. In contrast, VD was lower in overweight children. Lastly, this study found that height for age Z-scores (HAZ score) and Body Mass Index (BMI) for age Z-scores (BAZ score) correlated positively with ferritin, zinc, and calcium levels. Conclusions: Stunting, wasting, and multiple micronutrient deficiencies remain prevalent among Indonesian children under five years of age. Strengthening nutrition interventions, in particular for iron, zinc, VA, and VD, is essential to improve child growth and health outcomes in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T15:15:08Z","timestamp":1765811708000},"page":"3926","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Micronutrient Deficiency and Nutritional Status Among Indonesian Children Under Five Years of Age: Evidence from National Survey Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fitrah","family":"Ernawati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7022-1760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherry A.","family":"Tanumihardjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Food Technology Department, Petra Christian University, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1575-197X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galih Kusuma","family":"Aji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Process Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, BJ Habibie Science Center, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fifi","family":"Retiaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya Yuriestia","family":"Arifin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efriwati","family":"Efriwati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"Sundari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunung","family":"Nurjanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Diana","family":"Julianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8530-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salimar","family":"Salimar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Budi","family":"Setyawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0065-6283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuri","family":"Andarwulan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noviati","family":"Fuada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16911, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0656-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Abshor Dzulhij","family":"Rizki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics & Data Science Study Program, School of Data Science, Mathematics, and Informatics, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Nur","family":"Aidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistics & Data Science Study Program, School of Data Science, Mathematics, and Informatics, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuae063","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Stunting-Anemia and Wasting-Anemia Comorbidities and Micronutrient 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