{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:01:00Z","timestamp":1789016460625,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nutrient timing strategies may influence recovery and performance in athletes; however, the effects of ingesting casein protein before sleep versus immediately after exercise remain unclear. This study compared the acute effects of pre-sleep and post-exercise ingestion of casein on high-intensity anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players. Methods: Twenty-four highly trained male soccer players (mean age: 20.6 \u00b1 1.8 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: post-exercise casein ingestion group (PECIG; n = 8), pre-sleep casein ingestion group (PSCIG; n = 8), and control group (CG; n = 8). Following a standardized high-intensity resistance training protocol, participants consumed 30 g of micellar casein dissolved in 300 mL of water either immediately after exercise or 30\u201360 min before bedtime. Performance was assessed using the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), the Illinois Agility Test (IAT), and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), which were conducted both before and 24 h after the training session. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant group-by-time effects for CMJ (F = 8.21, p = 0.002, \u03b72p = 0.36) and RAST performance variables, including peak power (F = 6.94, p = 0.003, \u03b72p = 0.32), mean power (F = 7.42, p = 0.002, \u03b72p = 0.34), and fatigue index (F = 5.87, p = 0.008, \u03b72p = 0.28). Post hoc analyses showed that PSCIG significantly improved CMJ (\u0394 = +1.45 cm; p &lt; 0.001, d = 2.04) and RAST mean power (\u0394 = +125.14 W; p = 0.002, d = 1.55) compared with the control condition. PECIG significantly enhanced RAST peak power (\u0394 = +205.79 W; p = 0.001, d = 1.64), mean power (\u0394 = +128.43 W; p = 0.013, d = 1.24), and fatigue index (\u0394 = +4.12 W\/s; p = 0.010, d = 1.29) relative to CG. No performance differences were observed between PSCIG and PECIG timing conditions (all p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Both pre-sleep and post-exercise casein ingestion enhanced anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players, with each timing method favoring different performance outcomes. However, neither strategy demonstrated superiority over the other, suggesting that casein timing may be flexibly applied according to athletes\u2019 preferences and training contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17243938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T09:43:46Z","timestamp":1765964626000},"page":"3938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Casein Supplementation Timing and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players: Pre-Sleep vs. Post-Exercise Intake\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2166-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serdar","family":"Bayrakdaro\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University, Gumushane 29100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeynep Hazal","family":"Ate\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University, Gumushane 29100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1133-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil \u0130brahim","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum 25100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6391-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"Kul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bayburt University, Bayburt 69000, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Ioan","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University \u201c1 Decembrie 1918\u201d of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6221-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wissem","family":"Dhahbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit: Sport Sciences, Health and Movement, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef 7100, Tunisia"},{"name":"Training Department, Police College, Qatar Police Academy, Doha 7157, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500482529","article-title":"Physical and Metabolic Demands of Training and Match-Play in the Elite Football Player","volume":"24","author":"Bangsbo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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