{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T05:20:13Z","timestamp":1766294413174,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health\u2019s (NIH) National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health","award":["RO1-AT007813-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1-AT007813-01A1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008460","name":"Research Fellowship in Complementary and Integrative Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-AT003378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-AT003378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging, NIH"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that dietary intervention can improve pain among individuals with headaches, including migraine, a highly prevalent condition that can be disabling. Non-pharmacologic treatments for migraine are particularly attractive. In this secondary analysis of 182 participants enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of a dietary intervention designed to increase omega-3 (n-3) compared with a control diet, we examined the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both thought to decrease inflammatory processes. Methods: Path models with two time points (baseline and 16 weeks after randomization), were used to test the relationships between exposures of n-3 blood levels and self-reported dietary intake on outcomes of pain interference using the PROMIS pain interference scale and the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6). Model building was based on our published conceptual model. Results: Good fit was demonstrated for both models (EPA model: CFI = 0.984, RMSEA = 0.039, and SRMR = 0.045; DHA model: CFI = 0.981, RMSEA = 0.040, and SRMR = 0.040). Both EPA and DHA in the blood at 16 weeks were associated with lower levels of pain interference, but the effect for EPA was stronger (B = \u22120.56, p &lt; 0.001 for EPA, and B = \u22120.43, p = 0.057 for DHA). Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with an indirect pathway linking diet to pain interference through blood levels of EPA and DHA in migraine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T11:03:46Z","timestamp":1766142226000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Dietary Intakes of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Blood Levels, and Pain Interference in People with Migraine: A Path Analysis of Randomized Trial Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3653-8905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3894-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary O.","family":"Kadro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"},{"name":"Integrative Medicine, Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA"},{"name":"Integrative Medicine Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7041-4052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilson D.","family":"Honvoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4808-8403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony F.","family":"Domeniciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Peroxidation Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher E.","family":"Ramsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Peroxidation Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keturah R.","family":"Faurot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3537-649X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa E.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1640","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of headache: A review","volume":"325","author":"Robbins","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14153","article-title":"The American Headache Society Consensus Statement: Update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice","volume":"61","author":"Ailani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1334","article-title":"Burden of Illness Among People with Migraine and \u22654 Monthly Headache Days While Using Acute and\/or Preventive Prescription Medications for Migraine","volume":"26","author":"Buse","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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