{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:35:04Z","timestamp":1780446904581,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses ST-elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. While optimal medical therapy (OMT) is central to secondary prevention, lifestyle interventions\u2014particularly dietary modification\u2014remain underutilised despite their potential impact on long-term outcomes. Objective: To review the current evidence regarding dietary interventions post-ACS, their implementation, adherence, and effects on cardiovascular risk factors and clinical outcomes. Methods: A narrative literature review was performed using PubMed, including studies published in English from 2000 onwards. Keywords included \u201cacute coronary syndrome,\u201d \u201cdiet,\u201d \u201ccardiovascular disease,\u201d \u201coutcomes,\u201d \u201cadherence,\u201d \u201cwine,\u201d and \u201cintermittent fasting,\u201d combined with Boolean operators AND\/OR. Animal studies were excluded. The latest search was conducted in October 2025. Results: Mediterranean-style diets, when combined with OMT and lifestyle interventions (exercise, smoking cessation, alcohol moderation), consistently improve cardiovascular risk factors and reduce recurrent ischemic events and mortality. Clinical trials and cohort studies demonstrate long-term benefits, including reductions in all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events, particularly in patients adhering to structured dietary programmes within cardiac rehabilitation. Evidence for other dietary modifications, including low-fat diets, increased fibre, antioxidant supplementation, and intermittent fasting, was more limited, often derived from small or short-term studies focusing on surrogate endpoints. Real-world adherence to dietary guidelines remains suboptimal, especially in high-risk and obese populations. Preliminary studies suggest intermittent fasting and moderate red wine consumption may confer additional cardiovascular benefits, though larger, long-term trials are needed. Conclusions: Dietary modification is a key, yet underutilised component of secondary prevention post-ACS. A Mediterranean-style, whole-food diet integrated with OMT and supported by structured cardiac rehabilitation programmes offers the most evidence-based strategy to improve risk factor control and long-term outcomes. Future research should focus on pragmatic, long-term trials assessing hard cardiovascular endpoints and implementation strategies to enhance adherence across diverse populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T12:05:35Z","timestamp":1766145935000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diet After Acute Coronary Artery Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Katsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5771-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilena","family":"Giannoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Kordalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7636-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsioufis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, School of Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"393","author":"Afshin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C84","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartjsupp\/suad039","article-title":"Optimal management of patients after acute coronary syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Panattoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Suppl. J. Eur. Soc. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Didier, R., and Gilard, M. (2025, September 30). Follow-Up Management After an Acute Coronary Syndrome. CardioPractice [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/www.escardio.org\/Councils\/Council-for-Cardiology-Practice-(CCP)\/Cardiopractice\/follow-up-management-after-an-acute-coronary-syndrome#."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199704173361601","article-title":"A Clinical Trial of the Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure","volume":"336","author":"Appel","year":"1997","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031","article-title":"2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13333","article-title":"The Mediterranean diet and health: A comprehensive overview","volume":"290","author":"Willett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Wilson, J., and Lowery, R. (2017). The Ketogenic Bible: The Authoritative Guide to Ketosis, Victory Belt Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I., Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez, L., Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez, A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. (2023). Global Impacts of Western Diet and Its Effects on Metabolism and Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.153148","article-title":"Food groups and risk of all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"105","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2014.10.014","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet, its Components, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"128","author":"Widmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-014-0446-9","article-title":"Latest Evidence of the Effects of the Mediterranean Diet in Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"16","author":"Badimon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005933","article-title":"The Mediterranean-style diet for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"9","author":"Salen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03086-z","article-title":"Plant-based and vegetarian diets: An overview and definition of these dietary patterns","volume":"62","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02942-8","article-title":"Vegetarian and vegan diets and the risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"62","author":"Dybvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahleova, H., Levin, S., and Barnard, N. (2017). Cardio-Metabolic Benefits of Plant-Based Diets. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080848"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad211","article-title":"Vegetarian or vegan diets and blood lipids: A meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"44","author":"Koch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2325658","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.25658","article-title":"Vegetarian Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Risk in People With or at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.015","article-title":"The ketogenic diet: Pros and cons","volume":"292","author":"Raggi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dy\u0144ka, D., Kowalcze, K., Charuta, A., and Paziewska, A. (2023). The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153368"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.788497","article-title":"Dietary Patterns and Longevity: Expanding the Blue Zones","volume":"118","author":"Appel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.341","article-title":"Origins and evolution of the Western diet: Health implications for the 21st century","volume":"81","author":"Cordain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613502","article-title":"Association of Changes in Diet Quality with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality","volume":"377","author":"Bhupathiraju","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"e34214","article-title":"The Paleolithic Diet","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-13-160","article-title":"Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled pilot-study","volume":"13","author":"Boers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1876625","article-title":"The effect of paleolithic diet on glucose metabolism and lipid profile among patients with metabolic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"62","author":"Sohouli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz007","article-title":"Effects of a Paleolithic Diet on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"10","author":"Ghaedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-8-35","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: A randomized cross-over pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Granfeldt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.09.006","article-title":"Low-fat diet Redux at WHO","volume":"118","author":"Ludwig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199203000-00013","article-title":"A factorial study of salt restriction and a low-fat\/high-fibre diet in hypertensive subjects","volume":"10","author":"Sciarrone","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes20065","article-title":"Optimal Diet Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obes. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800644","article-title":"Weight loss with very-low-calorie diet and cardiovascular risk factors in moderately obese women: One-year follow-up study including ambulatory blood pressure monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Pekkarinen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.390","article-title":"Long-Term Beneficial Effect of a 16-Week Very Low Calorie Diet on Pericardial Fat in Obese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients","volume":"20","author":"Snel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/51.5.768","article-title":"Effects of a very-low-calorie diet on metabolic control and cardiovascular risk factors in the treatment of obese non-insulin-dependent diabetics","volume":"51","author":"Uusitupa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bmj.k2173","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2173","article-title":"Personalised nutrition and health","volume":"361","author":"Ordovas","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e34722","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting: Benefits, Side Effects, Quality of Life, and Knowledge of the Saudi Population","volume":"15","author":"Shalabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00684-7","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kibret","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Liu, C., Liu, X., Pan, X., Li, X., Tian, L., Sun, J., Yang, S., Zhao, R., and An, N. (2021). Effect of Epidemic Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.669325"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.11.022","article-title":"Low compliance with dietary recommendations for food intake among adults","volume":"32","author":"Guessous","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2542","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.7491","article-title":"Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999\u20132012","volume":"315","author":"Rehm","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrie, G., Golley, R., and Noakes, M. (2018). Compliance with Dietary Guidelines Varies by Weight Status: A Cross-Sectional Study of Australian Adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020197"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315569401","article-title":"EUROASPIRE IV: A European Society of Cardiology survey on the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of coronary patients from 24 European countries","volume":"23","author":"Kotseva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"0206","article-title":"Secondary prevention of ischaemic cardiac events","volume":"2011","author":"Skinner","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2023.04.005","article-title":"Introduction to cardiology and lifestyle medicine","volume":"77","author":"Rozanski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2023.04.004","article-title":"Cardiology and lifestyle medicine","volume":"77","author":"Rozanski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487311434107","article-title":"Predictors of cardiovascular prognosis in patients receiving optimized secondary prevention measures after acute coronary syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Lafitte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2024.100923","article-title":"Beyond secondary prevention drugs: Added benefit in survival and events of a healthy lifestyle in patients after an acute coronary syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Kallmeyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2008.10.020","article-title":"Sustained positive impact of a coronary rehabilitation programme on adherence to dietary recommendations","volume":"102","author":"Laviolle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.07.008","article-title":"Effects of High Adherence to Mediterranean or Low-Fat Diets in Medicated Secondary Prevention Patients","volume":"108","author":"Thomazella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.122","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and prognosis of first-diagnosed Acute Coronary Syndrome patients according to heart failure phenotype: Hellenic Heart Failure Study","volume":"71","author":"Kouvari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.0936","article-title":"Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"177","author":"Trepanowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv041","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans","volume":"73","author":"Tinsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP89214","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89214.2","article-title":"Multiomics analyses reveal dynamic bioenergetic pathways and functional remodeling of the heart during intermittent fasting","volume":"12","author":"Arumugam","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010936","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.123.010936","article-title":"Intermittent Fasting After ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Improves Left Ventricular Function: The Randomized Controlled INTERFAST-MI Trial","volume":"17","author":"Dutzmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100336","article-title":"A moderate red wine intake improves blood lipid parameters and erythrocytes membrane fluidity in post myocardial infarct patients","volume":"56","author":"Rifler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.10.013","article-title":"Red wine reduces oxidative stress in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Guarda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3244","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133321.00456.00","article-title":"Preventing Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes: A Common Agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association","volume":"109","author":"Eyre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2048004020949326","article-title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: Updated review of contemporary guidance and literature","volume":"9","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"JRSM Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identifying optimal primary prevention interventions for major cardiovascular disease events and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and hierarchical network meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"29","author":"Uthman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-021-00967-6","article-title":"A Mediterranean diet microsimulation modeling in relation to cardiovascular disease burden: The ATTICA and GREECS epidemiological studies","volume":"76","author":"Kouvari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.26719\/2002.8.4-5.593","article-title":"Primary prevention of acute coronary events through the adoption of a Mediterranean-style diet","volume":"8","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2002","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u0142ynarska, E., Kurci\u0144ska, J., Kurci\u0144ski, S., Marcinkowska, W., Leszto, K., Jakubowska, P., Rysz, J., and Franczyk, B. (2025). The Mediterranean Diet in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Evidence and Mechanisms. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223617"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101043440101","article-title":"Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet","volume":"344","author":"Sacks","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.18.2284","article-title":"AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association","volume":"102","author":"Krauss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2025.08.021","article-title":"Extra-virgin olive oil and additional cardiovascular outcomes in the PREDIMED Trial: An outcome-wide perspective","volume":"291","author":"Toledo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:15:22Z","timestamp":1769681722000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]}}}