{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:28Z","timestamp":1787029288685,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2021\/41\/N\/NZ9\/03973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2021\/41\/N\/NZ9\/03973"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Iodine plays a key role in thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolic regulation in vertebrates. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo bioavailability of iodine and assess selected biochemical parameters and thyroid-related gene expression in male Wistar rats fed lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) biofortified with iodoquinolines (8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid or 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol) or potassium iodate. Methods: Two iodine intake levels were applied, a nutritionally adequate iodine level and a supranutritional level, to evaluate the nutritional safety of iodine obtained from biofortified vegetables. Results: A diet containing lettuce biofortified with iodoquinolines at the adequate level had no significant effect on thyroid hormone concentrations, the expression of Dio1, Dio2, Slc5a5, and Tpo genes, or thyroid morphology. While supranutritional iodine intake led to increased levels of T4, fT4, T3, and fT3, all hormone concentrations remained within the physiological range. No elevation in liver enzyme activity (ALT, AST, ALP) was observed, indicating the absence of hepatotoxic effects from high-iodine diets based on biofortified lettuce. Compared to potassium iodate, iodoquinolines demonstrated superior bioavailability, as evidenced by enhanced iodine accumulation in tissues and more efficient thyroid hormone synthesis. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vivo nutritional study assessing the physiological effects of supranutritional iodine intake from a biofortified plant source. These findings confirm the nutritional safety and efficacy of iodine biofortification using iodoquinolines and highlight the need for further research, including human nutritional clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T11:30:18Z","timestamp":1766489418000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Iodoquinoline-Biofortified Lettuce as a Safe and Bioavailable Dietary Iodine Source: In Vivo Study in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dyl\u0105g","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 31-149 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Pawlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2690-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ga\u0142uszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylwester","family":"Smole\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1653-2867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Koronowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 31-149 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aceves, C., Mendieta, I., Anguiano, B., and Delgado-Gonz\u00e1lez, E. (2021). Molecular iodine has extrathyroidal effects as an antioxidant, differentiator, and immunomodulator. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031228"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35042-6","article-title":"Deficiency and excess of groundwater iodine and their health associations","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70037","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70037","article-title":"Consequences of acute and long-term excessive iodine intake: A literature review focusing on seaweed as a potential dietary iodine source","volume":"23","author":"Blikra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, December 10). Iodine Deficiency in Europe: A Continuing Public Health Problem, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241593960."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.251","article-title":"Consequences of excess iodine","volume":"10","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.18","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism","volume":"14","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4242","article-title":"Iodine excess induces hepatic, renal and pancreatic injury in female mice as determined by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry","volume":"42","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E694","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3509","article-title":"Iodine fortification of vegetables improves human iodine nutrition: In vivo evidence for a new model of iodine prophylaxis","volume":"98","author":"Tonacchera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac032","article-title":"A systematic review of iodine intake in children, adults, and pregnant women in Europe\u2014Comparison against dietary recommendations and evaluation of dietary iodine sources","volume":"80","author":"Bath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldassano, S., Di Gaudio, F., Sabatino, L., Caldarella, R., De Pasquale, C., Di Rosa, L., Nuzzo, D., Picone, P., and Vasto, S. (2022). Biofortification: Effect of iodine fortified food in the healthy population, double-arm nutritional study. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.871638"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Tong, J., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Xu, H., and Liu, Y. (2025). Global, regional, and national burden of iodine deficiency for women of reproductive age, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1577169"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.181974","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition for development\u2014Iodine review","volume":"144","author":"Rohner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-008-9193-6","article-title":"Biogeochemical transfer and dynamics of iodine in a soil-plant system","volume":"31","author":"Weng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2136","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1306484","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo methods of iron and zinc bioavailability evaluation in the assessment of biofortification program effectiveness","volume":"58","author":"Dias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12108","article-title":"Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified staple crops","volume":"72","author":"Boy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19020-4","article-title":"Multiplying the efficiency and impact of biofortification through metabolic engineering","volume":"11","author":"Bhullar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyl\u0105g, A., Smole\u0144, S., Wis\u0142a-\u015awider, A., Kowalska, I., Sularz, O., Krzemi\u0144ska, J., Pitala, J., and Koronowicz, A. (2023). Evaluation of the chemical composition and nutritional value of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) biofortified in hydroponics with iodine in the form of iodoquinolines. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1288773"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2015.1061723","article-title":"High-fat diet-induced obesity rat model: A comparison between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rat","volume":"5","author":"Marques","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.838S","article-title":"Components of the AIN-93 diets as improvements in the AIN-76A diet","volume":"127","author":"Reeves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smole\u0144, S., Kowalska, I., Kov\u00e1\u010dik, P., Halka, M., and Sady, W. (2019). Biofortification of six varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with iodine and selenium in combination with the application of salicylic acid. Front. Plant Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00143"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2008). Foodstuffs\u2014Determination of Trace Elements\u2014Determination of Iodine Content by ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). Standard No. PN-EN 15111:2008. Available online: https:\/\/sklep.pkn.pl\/pn-en-15111-2008p.html."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.04.009","article-title":"Evaluation of four different equations for calculating LDL-C with eight different direct HDL-C assays","volume":"423","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","article-title":"Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge","volume":"18","author":"Friedewald","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12918","article-title":"Iodine from brown algae in human nutrition, with an emphasis on bioaccessibility, bioavailability, chemistry, and effects of processing: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Blikra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammerman, C.B., Baker, D.H., and Lewis, A.J. (1995). Iodine bioavailability. Bioavailability of Nutrients for Animals, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.3.741"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hlucny, K., Alexander, B.M., Gerow, K., and Larson-Meyer, D.E. (2021). Reflection of dietary iodine in the 24 h urinary iodine concentration, serum iodine and thyroglobulin as biomarkers of iodine status: A pilot study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082520"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.02.027","article-title":"Effect of lettuce biofortified with iodine by soil fertilization on iodine concentration in various tissues and selected biochemical parameters in serum of Wistar rats","volume":"14","author":"Pysz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0717-0","article-title":"The iodine content in urine, feces and selected organs of rats fed lettuce biofortified with iodine through foliar application","volume":"174","author":"Rakoczy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2016.03.004","article-title":"Nutritional value, bioactive compounds and health benefits of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.11.032","article-title":"Characterisation of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of five lettuce varieties and escarole","volume":"108","author":"Llorach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8435","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b02151","article-title":"Evaluation of iodine bioavailability in seaweed using in vitro methods","volume":"65","author":"Chiocchetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19960016","article-title":"Bioavailability of minerals and trace elements: Members of EC flair concerted action no. 10: Measurements of micronutrient absorption and status","volume":"9","author":"Hurrell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.1997.tb00852.x","article-title":"Homeostatic adjustments of selenium metabolism and tissue selenium to widely varying selenium supply in 75Se-labeled rats","volume":"78","author":"Kirchgessner","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Qi, Y., and Zheng, H. (2022). Dietary polyphenol, gut microbiota, and health benefits. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061212"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Z., Zheng, J., Zhu, Z., Sang, L., Zhu, J., Luo, S., Zhao, Y., Wang, R., Zhang, Y., and Hao, K. (2022). Intermediate role of gut microbiota in vitamin B nutrition and its influences on human health. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1031502"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112749","article-title":"Regulation of gut microbiota by vitamin C, vitamin E and \u03b2-carotene","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05813-6","article-title":"Effects of iodine intake on gut microbiota and gut metabolites in Hashimoto thyroiditis-diseased humans and mice","volume":"7","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.053","article-title":"\u201cWith a little help from my friends\u201d\u2014The role of microbiota in thyroid hormone metabolism and enterohepatic recycling","volume":"458","author":"Virili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.05.008","article-title":"Microbiota and thyroid interaction in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Wahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665118000137","article-title":"Contemporary challenges to iodine status and nutrition: The role of foods, dietary recommendations, fortification and supplementation","volume":"77","author":"Bouga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0396.1999.00232.x","article-title":"Homeostatic adjustments of iodine metabolism and tissue iodine to widely varying iodine supply in 125I-labeled rats","volume":"82","author":"Kirchgessner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi\u0105tkowska, E., Kope\u0107, A., Bie\u017canowska-Kope\u0107, R., Pysz, M., Kapusta-Duch, J., Koronowicz, A.A., Smole\u0144, S., Skoczylas, \u0141., Ledwo\u017cyw-Smole\u0144, I., and Rakoczy, R. (2016). The impact of carrot enriched in iodine through soil fertilization on iodine concentration and selected biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152680"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.08.010","article-title":"Iodine excess","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30179-w","article-title":"Comparative analysis of thyroid hormone systems in rodents with subterranean lifestyle","volume":"13","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.5187\/JAST.2005.47.4.573","article-title":"Effect of brown seaweed waste supplementation on lactational performance and endocrine physiology in Holstein lactating cows","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.04.012","article-title":"Effect of various iodine supplementations, rapeseed meal application and two different iodine species on the iodine status and iodine excretion of dairy cows","volume":"125","author":"Franke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aoe, S., Yamanaka, C., Ohtoshi, H., Nakamura, F., and Fujiwara, S. (2021). Effects of daily kelp (Laminaria japonica) intake on body composition, serum lipid levels, and thyroid hormone levels in healthy Japanese adults: A randomized, double-blind study. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19070352"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8315-z","article-title":"The impact of iodine excess on thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism in rats","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4290(98)00135-X","article-title":"Micronutrient bioavailability techniques: Accuracy, problems and limitations","volume":"60","author":"Glahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"563","article-title":"Bioavailability of seaweed iodine in human beings","volume":"48","author":"Aquaron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2006.06.013","article-title":"Effects of isoflavonoids and other plant-derived compounds on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid hormone axis","volume":"55","author":"Hamann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1420077","article-title":"Regulation of rat thyroxine-binding globulin and transthyretin: Studies in thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized rats given tri-iodothyronine or\/and growth hormone","volume":"142","author":"Vranckx","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02360166","article-title":"Influence of immobilization stress on the level of secretion of thyroid hormones","volume":"24","author":"Turakulov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci. Behav. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1390131","article-title":"Investigation of mechanisms mediating the increase in plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones after a meal in young growing pigs","volume":"139","author":"Dauncey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.10","article-title":"Direct effects of thyroid hormones on hepatic lipid metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801292","article-title":"Thyroid and lipid metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Pucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8767-1","article-title":"The impact of dietary iodine intake on lipid metabolism in mice","volume":"142","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wa\u015bniowska, J., Pi\u0105tkowska, E., Pawlicki, P., Smole\u0144, S., Kope\u0107, A., Dyl\u0105g, A., Krzemi\u0144ska, J., and Koronowicz, A. (2025). Comparative analysis of iodine levels, biochemical responses, and thyroid gene expression in rats fed diets with kale biofortified with 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202412.1045.v1"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2012.01.012","article-title":"The effect of thyroid disorders on lipid levels and metabolism","volume":"96","author":"Duntas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1089\/10507250252949405","article-title":"Thyroid disease and lipids","volume":"12","author":"Duntas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1807","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac044","article-title":"Higher free triiodothyronine is associated with higher HDL particle concentration and smaller HDL particle size","volume":"107","author":"Post","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1684","article-title":"Medicinal plants and bioactive natural compounds as inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase: A literature review","volume":"46","author":"Mahdavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.01.003","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice","volume":"48","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115985","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of cholesterol 7\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) as a therapeutic strategy for hypercholesterolemia","volume":"220","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chambers, K.F., Day, P.E., Aboufarrag, H.T., and Kroon, P.A. (2019). Polyphenol effects on cholesterol metabolism via bile acid biosynthesis, CYP7A1: A review. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112588"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12592","article-title":"Chlorogenic acid inhibits cholestatic liver injury induced by \u03b1-naphthylisothiocyanate: Involvement of STAT3 and NF\u03baB signalling regulation","volume":"68","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duntas, L.H., and Brenta, G. (2018). A renewed focus on the association between thyroid hormones and lipid metabolism. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00511"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.11.005","article-title":"Lipoprotein lipase and its regulators: An unfolding story","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-012-1243-3","article-title":"Hypotriglyceridemic effects of apple polyphenols extract via up-regulation of lipoprotein lipase in triton WR-1339-induced mice","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01208-6","article-title":"The interplay between thyroid and liver: Implications for clinical practice","volume":"43","author":"Piantanida","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.2770","article-title":"Dietary Coleus forskohlii extract generates dose-related hepatotoxicity in mice","volume":"33","author":"Virgona","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1580-z","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of hepatoprotective natural compounds: Mechanism of action and clinical perspectives","volume":"90","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583494","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/583494","article-title":"Chlorogenic and caftaric acids in liver toxicity and oxidative stress induced by methamphetamine","volume":"2014","author":"Koriem","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"36","article-title":"Protective effect of chlorogenic acid against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2023.00446","article-title":"Subnormal serum liver enzyme levels: A review of pathophysiology and clinical significance","volume":"12","author":"Youssef","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2655","article-title":"Hepatic ALT isoenzymes are elevated in gluconeogenic conditions including diabetes and suppressed by insulin at the protein level","volume":"31","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-013-0408-y","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase: An overview","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/s6070756","article-title":"Aspartate aminotransferase (AST\/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT\/GPT) detection techniques","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.009","article-title":"Natural products for glycaemic control: Polyphenols as inhibitors of alpha-amylase","volume":"91","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.548108","article-title":"A review on structure\u2013activity relationship of dietary polyphenols inhibiting \u03b1-amylase","volume":"53","author":"Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2016.10.022","article-title":"Interactions between polyphenols and polysaccharides: Mechanisms and consequences in food processing and digestion","volume":"60","author":"Renard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17060","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.60","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis","volume":"3","author":"Kleeff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zargar, S., and Wani, T.A. (2021). Protective role of quercetin in carbon tetrachloride induced toxicity in rat brain: Biochemical, spectrophotometric assays and computational approach. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247526"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9343-8_2","article-title":"Urea","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urea Transporters"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.110801.140547","article-title":"Regulation of enzymes of the urea cycle and arginine metabolism","volume":"22","author":"Morris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10449","article-title":"Complement factor H binds malondialdehyde epitopes and protects from oxidative stress","volume":"478","author":"Weismann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.155","article-title":"Scope and limitations of iodothyronine deiodinases in hypothyroidism","volume":"11","author":"Gereben","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Uricoechea, H., Nogueira, J.P., Pinz\u00f3n-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.V., and Schwarzstein, D. (2023). The usefulness of thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease. Antibodies, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202306.1623.v1"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0218-2","article-title":"Deiodinases and their intricate role in thyroid hormone homeostasis","volume":"15","author":"Luongo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.15.1.0579","article-title":"The human, but not rat, Dio2 gene is stimulated by thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1)","volume":"15","author":"Gereben","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-1727","article-title":"Deiodinase activities in thyroids and tissues of iodine-deficient female rats","volume":"154","author":"Calvo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1588","article-title":"Defining the roles of the iodothyronine deiodinases: Current concepts and challenges","volume":"150","author":"Galton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-10-0448","article-title":"Local control of thyroid hormone action: Role of type 2 deiodinase","volume":"209","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqab059","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab059","article-title":"Deiodinases and the metabolic code for thyroid hormone action","volume":"162","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29812","article-title":"Deiodinases: Implications of the local control of thyroid hormone action","volume":"116","author":"Bianco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.05.081","article-title":"Rutin content in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) food materials and products","volume":"98","author":"Kreft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, C.F.L., Santos, M.C., Ginabreda, M.G., Fortunato, R.S., Carvalho, D.P., and Freitas Ferreira, A.C. (2013). Flavonoid rutin increases thyroid iodide uptake in rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073908"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabatino, L. (2023). Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defense and thyroid hormone signaling: A focus on cardioprotective effects. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061177"},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"801","article-title":"Redox regulation of thyroid-transcription factors, Pax-8 and TTF-1, is involved in their increased DNA-binding activities by thyrotropin in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells","volume":"10","author":"Kambe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16345-y","article-title":"FoxO1-Dio2 signaling axis governs cardiomyocyte thyroid hormone metabolism and hypertrophic growth","volume":"11","author":"Ferdous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2023.01.001","article-title":"Mechanisms of DNA methylation and histone modifications","volume":"197","author":"Acharjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Treuting, P.M., Dintzis, S.M., and Montine, K.S. (2017). Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse, Rat, and Human Atlas, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/36\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:19:27Z","timestamp":1780334367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/36"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18010036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18010036","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]]}}}