{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:48:00Z","timestamp":1791820080846,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exercise acts as a physiological stimulus, requiring precise coordination among endocrine, microbial, and mitochondrial systems to maintain metabolic stability through allostatic regulation. The goal of the article is to integrate multidisciplinary evidence to characterize the thyroid\u2013microbiome\u2013mitochondrial axis as a key regulator of the allostatic state in athletic physiological response. During acute, chronic, and overload training phases, the thyroid\u2013microbiome\u2013mitochondrial axis operates bidirectionally, coupling microbial signaling with endocrine and mitochondrial networks to mediate metabolic response to exercise. This response shows interindividual variability driven by sex, age, genetics, and nutritional status, shaping the boundaries between adaptive efficiency and allostatic overload. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and secondary bile acids, modulate deiodinase activity, bile acid recycling, and mitochondrial biogenesis through AMPK\u2013SIRT1\u2013PGC1\u03b1 signaling, optimizing substrate use and thermogenic capacity. Thyroid hormones reciprocally regulate gut motility, luminal pH, and bile secretion, maintaining microbial diversity and mineral absorption. Under excessive training load, caloric restriction, or inadequate recovery, this network becomes transiently unbalanced: SCFA synthesis decreases, D3 activity increases, and a reversible low-T3\/high-rT3 pattern emerges, resembling early Hashimoto- or Graves-like responses. Selenium-, zinc-, and iron-dependent enzymes form the redox link between microbial metabolism, thyroid control, and mitochondrial defense. In conclusion, the thyroid\u2013microbiome\u2013mitochondrial axis provides the physiological basis for the allostatic state, a reversible phase of dynamic recalibration that integrates training, nutrition, environmental stress, and circadian cues to sustain thyroid activity, mitochondrial efficiency, and microbial balance. This integrative perspective supports precision interventions to optimize recovery and performance in athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:22:27Z","timestamp":1766578947000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Thyroid\u2013Microbiome Allostasis and Mitochondrial Performance: An Integrative Perspective in Exercise Physiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1109-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Odriozola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Nacional d\u2019Educaci\u00f3 F\u00edsica de Catalunya (INEFC), Centre de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25003 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Odriozola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department of Basque Government, 20013 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2630-6684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesc","family":"Corbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3414-7065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Herms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Nacional d\u2019Educaci\u00f3 F\u00edsica de Catalunya (INEFC), Centre de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), 25003 Lleida, Spain"},{"name":"Phymo<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Lab, Physiology and Molecular Laboratory, 40170 Collado Hermoso, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2013","article-title":"Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Mullur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. 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