{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T11:29:15Z","timestamp":1790508555150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Prolonged fasting\u2014defined as voluntary abstinence from caloric intake for periods exceeding 24 h\u2014is increasingly recognized not only as a metabolic intervention but also as a psycho-behavioral modulator. According to the 2024 international consensus, intermittent fasting encompasses diverse temporal patterns including time-restricted feeding, alternate-day fasting, and periodic fasting of multi-day duration. While metabolic benefits are well documented, the psychoneurobiological and psychiatric consequences remain incompletely characterized. This review critically appraises current evidence on the psychological and psychiatric effects of prolonged and intermittent fasting, including both secular and religious practices. Methods: A narrative synthesis was conducted on clinical trials, observational studies, and translational research published between January 2010 and June 2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Search terms included combinations of \u201cprolonged fasting,\u201d \u201cintermittent fasting,\u201d \u201cpsychological,\u201d \u201cpsychiatric,\u201d \u201creligious fasting,\u201d \u201cRamadan,\u201d and \u201cOrthodox Church.\u201d Eligible studies required explicit evaluation of mood, cognition, stress physiology, or psychiatric symptoms. Data were analyzed qualitatively, with particular attention to study quality, fasting regimen characteristics, and participant vulnerability. This is a non-registered narrative synthesis drawing on clinical trials, observational studies, and preclinical evidence published between January 2010 and June 2025. Results: Eighty-seven studies met inclusion criteria (39 human; 48 preclinical). In metabolically healthy adults, short-term time-restricted eating and supervised prolonged fasting were associated with modest reductions in depressive symptoms and perceived stress, with small improvements in executive functioning\u2014typically observed in small samples and with limited follow-up. Religious fasting during Ramadan and the Orthodox Christian fasting periods demonstrated similar neuropsychological effects, including greater perceived spiritual meaning and affective modulation, though cultural context played a moderating role. Potential adverse mental-health impacts included mood destabilization, anxiety exacerbation, and rare psychotic or manic decompensations in vulnerable individuals. Randomized trials reported few adverse events and no signal for severe psychiatric harm, whereas observational studies more often noted symptom exacerbations in at-risk groups. Patients with eating disorder phenotypes exhibited increased cognitive preoccupation with food and a heightened risk of behavioral relapse. Methodological heterogeneity across studies\u2014including variation in fasting protocols, psychological assessments, and follow-up duration\u2014limited cross-study comparability. Conclusions: Evidence indicates a bidirectional relationship wherein fasting may foster psychological resilience in select populations while posing significant psychiatric risks in others. Inclusion of religious fasting traditions enriches understanding of culturally mediated outcomes. To enhance rigor and safety, future studies should incorporate clinician-rated outcomes (e.g., HDRS-17, CGI-S\/CGI-I), standardized adverse-event tracking using validated psychiatric terminology, and prospective safety monitoring protocols, with \u22656\u201312-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T12:22:27Z","timestamp":1766578947000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Psychological and Psychiatric Consequences of Prolonged Fasting: Neurobiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Bonaccorsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosinc, Via P. Bentivoglio n\u00b0 62, 95125 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2464-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo Maria","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosinc, Via P. Bentivoglio n\u00b0 62, 95125 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Culture and Society, University of Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, Ed. 15, 90128 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Psychoanalytic and Groupanalytic Psychotherapy S.P.P.G., Via Fontana n\u00b0 1, 89131 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.06.013","article-title":"International consensus on fasting terminology","volume":"36","author":"Koppold","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.06.001","article-title":"Fasting, circadian rhythms, and time-restricted feeding in healthy lifespan","volume":"23","author":"Longo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1905136","article-title":"Effects of intermittent fasting on health, aging, and disease","volume":"381","author":"Mattson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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