{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:40:08Z","timestamp":1792003208297,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy has been hypothesized to influence offspring neurodevelopment; however, the evidence remains inconsistent. Methods: We studied 66 mother\u2013child pairs from the KLOTHO cohort with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] measurements at delivery (maternal and umbilical cord). At 10 years of age, neurodevelopment was assessed using standardized questionnaires, generating composite z-scores for cognitive (cognitive, communication, motor) and psychosocial (social\u2013sentimental, special interests) domains. Multivariable models were adjusted for sex, maternal body mass index and education, and neonatal birth weight and gestational age. Results: Maternal 25(OH)D deficiency (&lt;50 nmol\/L) was not associated with cognitive composite scores (p = 0.77). The psychosocial composite scores showed a non-significant negative trend (p = 0.29). Neonatal deficiency showed no consistent association with cognition (p = 0.99) or psychosocial outcomes (p = 0.30). Exploratory partial correlations suggested a positive association between maternal 25(OH)D and psychosocial development (r = 0.60, p = 0.038, n = 12). Seasonal variation in maternal vitamin D was observed (autumn: 56.0 \u00b1 24.6 vs. winter: 32.0 \u00b1 18.3 nmol\/L; p &lt; 0.0001), but did not translate into differences in 10-year outcomes. Conclusions: In this cohort of 66 pairs, perinatal vitamin D status was not a determinant of global cognition at 10 years of age. A potential link with psychosocial development requires replication in larger longitudinal studies. Due to the limited sample size, all findings should be interpreted as exploratory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1766994779000},"page":"76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The KLOTHO Birth Cohort: Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Status and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 10 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4225-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon N.","family":"Karras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Goulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kypraiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assisting Nature Centre of Reproduction and Genetics, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikentia","family":"Harizopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6901-744X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Vlastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5804-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Anemoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-9800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Tzimagiorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Dalamaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neoklis","family":"Georgopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evanthia","family":"Kassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1929-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Mastorakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Surgery, Medical School, Aretaieio Athens Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-7480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kali","family":"Makedou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, Aristotle University, 55535 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Skoutas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thermi Clinic, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5576-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos G.","family":"Michalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Practice, Department of Obesity and Metabolism, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2012.07.001","article-title":"Vitamin D, effects on brain development, adult brain function and the links to neuropsychiatric disease","volume":"34","author":"Eyles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. 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