{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:29:03Z","timestamp":1787668143852,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Perinatology Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes","award":["IDs 3300-11402-01-575-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDs 3300-11402-01-575-17"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Perinatology Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes","award":["2024-1-14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-1-14"]}]},{"name":"National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT), Mexico","award":["FOSISS 2015-3-261661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOSISS 2015-3-261661"]}]},{"name":"Nestl\u00e9\u2013FUNSALUD Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs). This study aimed to examine whether vitamin D deficiency during the first trimester of pregnancy is linked to the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a Mexican population. Methods: A total of 404 pregnant women from the Biochemical and Epigenetic Origin of Overweight and Obesity (OBESO) cohort were included. Maternal vitamin D levels were measured between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a level below 20.0 ng\/mL. The primary goal was to compare APOs between Group 1 (women with vitamin D deficiency) and Group 2 (women without vitamin D deficiency). Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for APOs\u2014including GDM, preeclampsia, preterm birth, miscarriage, cesarean section, and neonatal size\u2014were calculated, adjusting for pregestational body mass index (BMI) and obesity, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Vitamin D deficiency was present in 40.5% of women. Pre-pregnancy BMI and obesity were significantly higher in women with deficiency; other baseline characteristics did not differ between groups. Women with vitamin D deficiency had a higher risk of GDM (aOR 2.04, 95% CI 1.14\u20133.65, p = 0.01). No association was found between vitamin D deficiency and other APOs. Conclusions: The incidence of vitamin D deficiency in the first trimester was 40.5%. Early pregnancy vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of GDM among Mexican women. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring and supplementing vitamin D during pregnancy to reduce the risk of GDM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:47:27Z","timestamp":1766998047000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["First Trimester Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Mexican Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8467-205X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Arce-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordination of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1631-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ludlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Lizano-Jubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad An\u00e1huac M\u00e9xico, Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyn Andrea","family":"Almada-Balderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordination of Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca Vianey","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Montoya-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guadalupe","family":"Estrada-Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Mario","family":"Solis-Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnatan","family":"Torres-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive and Perinatal Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4477-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameyalli Mariana","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricruz","family":"Tolentino-Dolores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1492-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otilia","family":"Perichart-Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Bioprogramming Coordination, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Villegas-Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiochemistry, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad Interdiscliplinaria de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y de Salud, Universidad de Sonora, Campus Hermosillo, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5304-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Reyes-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordination of Gynecological and Perinatal Endocrinology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatolog\u00eda Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Mexico City 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voiculescu, V.M., Nelson Twakor, A., Jerpelea, N., and Pantea Stoian, A. (2025). Vitamin D: Beyond Traditional Roles\u2014Insights into Its Biochemical Pathways and Physiological Impacts. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050803"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"CD008873","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Palacios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Atkins, A., Downes, M., and Wei, Z. (2023). Vitamin D in Diabetes: Uncovering the Sunshine Hormone\u2019s Role in Glucose Metabolism and Beyond. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15081997"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2948","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D on maternal and fetal health: A review","volume":"10","author":"Arshad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ajlan, A., Al-Musharaf, S., Fouda, M.A., Krishnaswamy, S., Wani, K., Aljohani, N.J., Al-Serehi, A., Sheshah, E., Alshingetti, N.M., and Turkistani, I.Z. (2018). Lower vitamin D levels in Saudi pregnant women are associated with higher risk of developing GDM. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1723-3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansur, J.L., Oliveri, B., Giacoia, E., Fusaro, D., and Costanzo, P.R. (2022). Vitamin D: Before, during and after Pregnancy: Effect on Neonates and Children. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091900"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8366","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105398","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12210","article-title":"Global summary of maternal and newborn vitamin D status\u2014A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Saraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.21149\/15604","article-title":"Nota t\u00e9cnica de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrici\u00f3n Continua 2023: Resultados del trabajo de campo","volume":"66","year":"2024","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105733","article-title":"Gestational vitamin D deficiency causes placental insufficiency and fetal intrauterine growth restriction partially through inducing placental inflammation","volume":"203","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02866-3","article-title":"Effect of maternal vitamin D status on risk of adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"61","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00250-5","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency during late pregnancy mediates placenta-associated complications","volume":"11","author":"Sarkis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cyprian, F., Lefkou, E., Varoudi, K., and Girardi, G. (2019). Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Pregnancy and Beyond. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02739"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Zhang, Z., Li, L., Zhang, L., Lin, Z., and Qin, H. (2022). Vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1016592"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, W., Wang, Z., Sun, Z., Shi, Z., Song, Q., Cui, X., Shen, L., Qu, M., Mai, S., and Zang, J. (2022). The Interactive Effects of Severe Vitamin D Deficiency and Iodine Nutrition Status on the Risk of Thyroid Disorder in Pregnant Women. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214484"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.94433","article-title":"Serum vitamin D deficiency and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.03.037","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Milajerdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.12.011","article-title":"Vitamin D: Effects on human reproduction, pregnancy, and fetal well-being","volume":"180","author":"Heyden","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation (2025). IDF Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation. [11th ed.]. Available online: www.diabetesatlas.org."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s163","DOI":"10.21149\/14832","article-title":"Prevalencia de prediabetes y diabetes en M\u00e9xico: Ensanut 2022","volume":"65","author":"Carnalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2018). ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 190: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Obstet. Gynecol., 131, e49\u2013e64.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.015","article-title":"The interaction between prepregnancy BMI and gestational vitamin D deficiency on the risk of GDM subtypes","volume":"39","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plabm.2017.01.001","article-title":"Verification of Abbott 25-OH-vitamin D assay on the architect system","volume":"7","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pract. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","author":"ElSayed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"649","article-title":"Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: A Practice Bulletin from ACOG","volume":"100","author":"Croke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics (2016). Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor. Obstet. Gynecol., 128, e155\u2013e164.","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001711"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.01.049","article-title":"Low birth weight: Case definition & guidelines for maternal immunization safety data","volume":"35","author":"Cutland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"306","article-title":"HOMA-IR and QUICKI reference values during pregnancy in Mexican women","volume":"85","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ginecol. Obstet. Mex."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.01.004","article-title":"Severe 25(OH)vitamin-D deficiency: A risk factor for GDM development","volume":"13","author":"Rajput","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ag\u00fcero-Domenech, N., Jover, S., Sarri\u00f3n, A., Baranda, J., Quesada-Rico, J.A., Pereira-Exp\u00f3sito, A., Gil-Guill\u00e9n, V., Cort\u00e9s-Castell, E., and Garc\u00eda-Teruel, M.J. (2021). Vitamin D Deficiency and GDM in Relation to BMI. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010102"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530317666170808155526","article-title":"Impact of Seasonality on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Chiefari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"23","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and GDM risk in low-risk women","volume":"13","author":"Bal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Turk. Ger. Gynecol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilz, S., Zittermann, A., Obeid, R., Hahn, A., Pludowski, P., Trummer, C., Lerchbaum, E., P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, F.R., Karras, S.N., and M\u00e4rz, W. (2018). The Role of Vitamin D in Fertility and during Pregnancy and Lactation: A Review of Clinical Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102241"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2010.08.015","article-title":"Vitamin D Effects on Pregnancy and the Placenta","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., Drzewoski, J., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2020). The Molecular Mechanisms by Which Vitamin D Prevents Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186644"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szymczak-Pajor, I., and \u015aliwi\u0144ska, A. (2019). Analysis of Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040794"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0564-4","article-title":"Lower Vitamin D Levels at First Trimester Are Associated with Higher Risk of Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"51","author":"Lacroix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15060","article-title":"Vitamin D and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review Based on Data Free of Hawthorne Effect","volume":"125","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertoldo, F., Cianferotti, L., Di Monaco, M., Falchetti, A., Fassio, A., Gatti, D., Gennari, L., Giannini, S., Girasole, G., and Gonnelli, S. (2022). Definition, Assessment, and Management of Vitamin D Inadequacy: Suggestions, Recommendations, and Warnings from the Italian Society for Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism and Bone Diseases (SIOMMMS). Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194148"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.12.001","article-title":"Vitamin D status: Measurement, interpretation, and clinical application","volume":"19","author":"Holick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae290","article-title":"Vitamin D for the Prevention of Disease: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"109","author":"Demay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0373-x","article-title":"Vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"74","author":"Tous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/97\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:54:19Z","timestamp":1766998459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/1\/97"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18010097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18010097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]}}}