{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:18:01Z","timestamp":1784949481509,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003356","name":"Gazi University Scientific Research Projects Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TDK-2023-8327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDK-2023-8327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003356","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diabetes can increase cardiovascular risk (CVR) through hyperglycemia and intestinal damage. The purpose of this study is to evaluate several intestinal permeability biomarkers in predicting CVR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This study was conducted in 2024 with a total of 70 patients with T2DM, aged 19\u201364 years (32.9% men, 67.1% women). Socio-demographic data and health status were collected; Framingham Risk Score (FRS), anthropometric measures, and serum parameters (glucose, HbA1c, lipids, CRP, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, trimetilamine-N-oxide (TMAO), zonulin, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP)) were evaluated, and visceral adiposity index (VAI) and plasma atherogenic index (PAI) were calculated. Results: The mean age of patients (n = 70) was 55.0 \u00b1 7.55 years. According to FRS, 18.5% of individuals were determined to be at medium\u2013high CVR; a positive correlation was found between BMI, waist\u2013height ratio, body fat ratio, VAI value, and FRS total score (p &lt; 0.05). Serum TMAO, zonulin, and I-FABP levels did not differ between low-risk and medium\u2013high-risk patients (p &gt; 0.05). Serum TMAO, zonulin, and I-FABP levels were positively correlated with TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels, and serum TMAO and I-FABP levels were positively correlated with triglyceride levels (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, serum zonulin and I-FABP levels were positively correlated with PAI (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Abdominal obesity and intestinal permeability may affect inflammatory processes and blood lipids in patients with T2DM. Further studies with large samples are needed to examine dietary factors related to the relationship between intestinal permeability and cardiometabolic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18010167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T08:40:53Z","timestamp":1767602453000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intestinal Permeability Biomarkers for Predicting Cardiometabolic Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9045-4177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nursel","family":"Dal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bandirma Onyedi Eylul University, Balikesir 10250, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1235-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saniye","family":"Bilici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirin","family":"Akin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interrnal Medicine Specialist, Ministry of Health Torbali State Hospital, \u0130zmir 35860, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-3711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perim Fatma","family":"Turker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul 34752, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e43882","article-title":"Exploring the complex connection between diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Analyzing approaches to mitigate cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Jyotsna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2009.07.001","article-title":"Impact of comorbid conditions and race\/ethnicity on glycemic control among the US population with type 2 diabetes, 1988\u20131994 to 1999\u20132004","volume":"24","author":"Suh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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