{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:17:29Z","timestamp":1791994649019,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Nutritional management is fundamental to intestinal rehabilitation in children with short bowel syndrome (SBS), yet clinical practice remains heterogeneous and largely guided by expert opinion. Enteral nutrition (EN) is the main driver of intestinal adaptation and progression toward enteral autonomy, but optimal strategies vary according to residual bowel anatomy, postoperative phase, and feeding tolerance. This review aimed to synthesize available evidence on nutritional strategies for pediatric SBS, with a focus on EN initiation, advancement, composition, and outcomes. Methods: A structured literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), SciELO, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 1975 and October 2025. Pediatric clinical studies addressing nutritional management in SBS were eligible. Study selection followed predefined PICO criteria, with independent screening and quality appraisal by two reviewers, in accordance with PRISMA-ScR reporting standards. Results: One hundred and thirty pediatric clinical studies were included, the majority of which were observational, with few randomized controlled trials. EN consistently emerged as a key determinant of intestinal adaptation and progression toward enteral autonomy across all phases of SBS. Outcomes were strongly influenced by residual bowel anatomy, presence of the ileocecal valve and colon, and feeding tolerance. Substantial variability was observed in feeding routes, modalities, diet composition, and advancement strategies. Conclusions: EN is a cornerstone of intestinal rehabilitation in pediatric SBS; however, current recommendations rely mainly on observational evidence. Prospective multicenter studies are needed to define optimal nutritional strategies and strengthen evidence-based practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1767688978000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nutritional Strategies for Intestinal Rehabilitation in Children with Short Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4145-5426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inna","family":"Spector Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition Institute, Ruth Rappaport Children\u2019s Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics B, Ruth Rappaport Children\u2019s Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"},{"name":"The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5177-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hadar","family":"Moran-Lev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reut","family":"Levi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hofit","family":"Golden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8838-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Sukhotnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel"},{"name":"Pediatric Surgery, Dana-Dwek Children\u2019s Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2232","article-title":"ASPEN definitions in pediatric intestinal failure","volume":"46","author":"Modi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.011","article-title":"Definitions of intestinal failure and the short bowel syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Pironi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602650","article-title":"Pediatric intestinal failure","volume":"377","author":"Duggan","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.12.033","article-title":"Neonatal short bowel syndrome outcomes after the establishment of the first Canadian multidisciplinary program","volume":"42","author":"Diamond","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2022.02.016","article-title":"Nutritional management of short bowel syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Premkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.11.013","article-title":"Bioactive proteins in human milk\u2014Potential benefits for preterm infants","volume":"44","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2023.01.011","article-title":"Current short bowel syndrome management: An era of improved outcomes and continued challenges","volume":"58","author":"Jaksic","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70014-5","article-title":"Short bowel syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Scolapio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.06.025","article-title":"Trends in pediatric intestinal failure: A multicenter, multinational study","volume":"237","author":"Gattini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02872.x","article-title":"Influence of diet complexity on intestinal adaptation","volume":"17","author":"Bines","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s40792-022-01527-1","article-title":"A rare case of eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders with short bowel syndrome after strangulated obstruction","volume":"8","author":"Arai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2019.22.4.303","article-title":"Short bowel syndrome as the leading cause of intestinal failure in early life","volume":"22","author":"Goulet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"123","article-title":"Reducing parenteral requirement with amino acid\u2013based formula","volume":"26","author":"Bines","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"615","article-title":"Hydrolyzed versus nonhydrolyzed protein diet in children with short bowel syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Ksiazyk","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.105","article-title":"Implementation of feeding guidelines in infants at risk of intestinal failure","volume":"35","author":"Shores","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"297575","article-title":"Influence of Neocate in pediatric short bowel syndrome on PN weaning","volume":"2010","author":"Mahler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.114481","article-title":"Nutritional and Other Postoperative Management of Neonates with Short Bowel Syndrome Correlates with Clinical Outcomes","volume":"139","author":"Andorsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.945","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Amino acids","volume":"37","author":"Carnielli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1335196","article-title":"Enteral nutrition in pediatric intestinal failure: Impact of initial feeding on adaptation","volume":"11","author":"Capriati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10991","article-title":"Anatomical and physiological considerations in short bowel syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Tappenden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-011720-122203","article-title":"Short bowel syndrome: A paradigm for intestinal adaptation","volume":"40","author":"Billiauws","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2019.08.004","article-title":"Predictors of intestinal adaptation in children","volume":"48","author":"Venick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.051","article-title":"Mechanisms of enteral nutrient-enhanced intestinal adaptation","volume":"130","author":"Tappenden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830100695","article-title":"Intestinal adaptation in infants and children with SBS","volume":"18","author":"Sukhotnik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10955","article-title":"Definition, classification, and causes of short bowel syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Pironi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-020-02207-z","article-title":"Current management of pediatric short-bowel syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Muto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puoti, M.G., and K\u00f6glmeier, J. (2023). Nutritional management of intestinal failure due to short bowel syndrome in children. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010062"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70489-5","article-title":"Predicting PN duration after neonatal intestinal resection","volume":"132","author":"Sondheimer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23S","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607114525210","article-title":"Intestinal adaptation following resection","volume":"38","author":"Tappenden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-022-05223-x","article-title":"Motility disorders in children with intestinal failure","volume":"38","author":"Sukhotnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.04.018","article-title":"Small bowel dilation and risk of mucosal injury in SBS","volume":"162","author":"Hukkinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA-ScR extension","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013","article-title":"The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies","volume":"12","author":"Altman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"217","article-title":"Systematic reviews of etiology and risk","volume":"1","author":"Moola","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Man. Evid. Synth."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tyson, J.E., and Kennedy, K.A. (2000). Minimal enteral feeding for feeding tolerance. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD000504."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11342","article-title":"Techniques for advancing feeds in pediatric intestinal failure","volume":"40","author":"Bobo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.09.007","article-title":"Neonatal short bowel syndrome as a model of intestinal failure","volume":"32","author":"Goulet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003076","article-title":"Nutritional management of the critically ill neonate","volume":"73","author":"Moltu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003849","article-title":"Nutrition and intestinal rehabilitation of children with SBS: Part 1","volume":"77","author":"Norsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.032","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on SBS","volume":"20","author":"Iyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olieman, J., and Kastelijn, W. (2020). Nutritional feeding strategies in pediatric intestinal failure. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010177"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.12.001","article-title":"Enteral nutrition in children with short-bowel syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Olieman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003269","article-title":"European Reference Network on Rare Inherited Congenital Anomalies (ERNICA) International survey on feeding in infants with SBS","volume":"73","author":"Verlato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.03.009","article-title":"Enteral approaches in malabsorption","volume":"30","author":"Avitzur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G591","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00572.2006","article-title":"VEGF and bowel adaptation","volume":"293","author":"Parvadia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.09.043","article-title":"AGA clinical update on endoscopic enteral access","volume":"168","author":"Micic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10565","article-title":"Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Short-Bowel Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Channabasappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607117711387","article-title":"Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Pediatric Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition","volume":"41","author":"Mehta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300653","article-title":"Percutaneous gastrojejunostomy in children","volume":"97","author":"Michaud","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181d336d2","article-title":"ESPGHAN comment on pediatric enteral nutrition","volume":"51","author":"Braegger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(81)80318-6","article-title":"Continuous vs. intermittent feeding in infants with intestinal disease","volume":"99","author":"Parker","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800750615","article-title":"Continuous enteral nutrition during early adaptation in SBS","volume":"75","author":"Levy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1983.02140290039010","article-title":"Continuous nasogastric elemental feeding for prolonged diarrhea","volume":"137","author":"Weizman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.10.084","article-title":"Tube Feeding Improves Intestinal Absorption in Short Bowel Syndrome Patients","volume":"136","author":"Joly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.2.434","article-title":"Feeding strategies for premature infants: Randomized trial of GI priming and tube-feeding method","volume":"103","author":"Schanler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Premji, S.S., and Chessell, L. (2002). Continuous nasogastric milk feeding versus intermittent bolus feeding for premature infants <1500 g. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD001819.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001819"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021054272","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-054272","article-title":"Promoting human milk and breastfeeding for the very low birth weight infant","volume":"148","author":"Parker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2016002","article-title":"Benefits of early enteral nutrition in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"57","author":"Manea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31829b68f3","article-title":"Breast milk vs. formula in preventing PN-associated liver disease","volume":"57","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quigley, M., Embleton, N.D., Meader, N., and McGuire, W. (2024). Donor human milk for preventing NEC in very preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD002971.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002971.pub6"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Chi, C., Li, C., Song, J., Song, Z., Wang, W., and Sun, J. (2022). Efficacy of donated milk in early nutrition of preterm infants: A meta-analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091724"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoban, R., Khatri, S., Patel, A., and Unger, S.L. (2020). Supplementation of mother\u2019s own milk with donor milk in infants with gastroschisis or intestinal atresia. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020589"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burge, K., Vieira, F., Eckert, J., and Chaaban, H. (2021). Lipid composition and absorption differences among neonatal feeding strategies: Potential Implications for Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020550"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peila, C., Moro, G.E., Bertino, E., Cavallarin, L., Giribaldi, M., Giuliani, F., Cresi, F., and Coscia, A. (2016). Effect of Holder pasteurization on donor human milk nutrients and bioactive components. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8080477"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151382","article-title":"Effects of milk banking procedures on donor human milk components","volume":"45","author":"Colaizy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03622-5","article-title":"Early human milk feeding: Intestinal barrier maturation and growth","volume":"97","author":"Roskes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parra-Llorca, A., Gormaz, M., Alc\u00e1ntara, C., Cernada, M., Nu\u00f1ez-Ramiro, A., Vento, M., and Collado, M.C. (2018). Preterm gut microbiome depending on feeding type: Significance of donor milk. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01376"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G427","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00305.2015","article-title":"2\u2019-Fucosyllactose augments adaptive response to intestinal resection","volume":"310","author":"Mezoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1754756","article-title":"Human milk oligosaccharides as essential bioactive molecules","volume":"61","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113589","article-title":"Quantitation of bioactive components in infant formulas","volume":"174","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16066","article-title":"Donor and recipient safety in human milk banking","volume":"58","author":"Clifford","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coutsoudis, I., Adhikari, M., Nair, N., and Coutsoudis, A. (2011). Feasibility of donor breastmilk bank in resource-limited neonatal units. BMC Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-356"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1455089","article-title":"Effect of Holder pasteurization on macronutrients and immunoglobulin profile of pooled donor human milk","volume":"32","author":"Adhisivam","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piemontese, P., Mallardi, D., Liotto, N., Tabasso, C., Menis, C., Perrone, M., Roggero, P., and Mosca, F. (2019). Macronutrient content of pooled donor human milk before and after Holder pasteurization. BMC. Pediatr., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1427-5"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3182a208c7","article-title":"Effect of fortifiers and protein on human milk osmolarity","volume":"57","author":"Kreissl","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0678","article-title":"Breast milk fortification with preterm formula vs. HMF","volume":"175","author":"Chinnappan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herranz Barbero, A., Rico, N., Oller-Salvia, B., Aldecoa-Bilbao, V., Mac\u00edas-Mu\u00f1oz, L., Wijngaard, R., Figueras-Aloy, J., and Salvia-Roig\u00e9s, M. (2020). Fortifier selection and dosage enables control of breast milk osmolarity. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233924"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113489151","article-title":"Polymeric vs. elemental formula in neonatal piglets with SBS","volume":"38","author":"Hua","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"134","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk protein allergy after neonatal intestinal surgery","volume":"12","author":"Michaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.156","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk allergy and neonatal SBS","volume":"69","author":"Diamanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001158","article-title":"High prevalence of eosinophilic GI disease in intestinal failure","volume":"63","author":"Stamm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclnm.2008.05.007","article-title":"Cow\u2019s milk allergy in extremely short bowel syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Masumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"e-SPEN"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.03.002","article-title":"Promoting intestinal adaptation by nutrition and medication","volume":"30","author":"Neelis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607112469818","article-title":"Nutrition and fluid optimization for short bowel syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Matarese","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/60.6.926","article-title":"Lactose tolerance and absorption in short bowel syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Arrigoni","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)90872-8","article-title":"Do SBS patients need a lactose-free diet?","volume":"13","author":"Marteau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.4.478","article-title":"Influence of preserved colon on medium-chain fat absorption","volume":"43","author":"Jeppesen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607184008006685","article-title":"Effect of high percentage medium-chain triglyceride diet on mucosal adaptation following massive bowel resection in rats","volume":"8","author":"Vanderhoof","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001454","article-title":"Complementary feeding: ESPGHAN guidelines","volume":"64","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-004-1168-9","article-title":"Effect of dietary fat on intestinal adaptation in SBS rats","volume":"20","author":"Sukhotnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2338-7","article-title":"High-fat diet enhances villus growth after massive resection","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(03)00264-1","article-title":"Low-fat diet impairs postresection adaptation","volume":"38","author":"Sukhotnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830100590","article-title":"Low-fat diet and fatty-acid transport after resection","volume":"17","author":"Sukhotnik","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/38.2.270","article-title":"Influence of dietary fat on jejunostomy output in severe SBS","volume":"38","author":"Ovesen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer, J.T., Schulz-Heise, S., Rueckel, A., Rauh, M., Juengert, J., Galiano, M., Meier, N., Woelfle, J., Schiffer, M., and Hoerning, A. (2023). Enteric hyperoxaluria in pediatric SBS. Front. Pediatr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1157696"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607110378410","article-title":"Macronutrient absorption in SBS with jejunocolonic anastomosis","volume":"35","author":"Atia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426505020006674","article-title":"Green beans resolving diarrhea after neonatal bowel surgery: Case study","volume":"20","author":"Drenckpohl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05530-1","article-title":"ERAS guidelines for neonatal intestinal surgery","volume":"44","author":"Brindle","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533614528543","article-title":"Sodium depletion and poor weight gain in ileostomy patients","volume":"29","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80175-9","article-title":"Sodium needs in infants with ileostomy","volume":"102","author":"Schwarz","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e437","DOI":"10.2741\/1135","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in secondary hyperoxaluria","volume":"8","author":"Hoppe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"3441","article-title":"Nutrition and CKD-related hyperoxaluria in SBS","volume":"14","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"267","article-title":"Nutritional management of short bowel syndrome in adults","volume":"5","author":"Sundaram","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.70048","article-title":"State-of-the-art review of blenderized diets","volume":"81","author":"Weston","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10866","article-title":"Blenderized enteral nutrition in pediatric short gut syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Zong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11232","article-title":"Parenteral nutrition dependence and growth in pediatric intestinal failure after transition to blenderized feeds: Case series","volume":"40","author":"DePaula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533616661011","article-title":"Transition to real-food ingredient tube formulas in pediatric intestinal failure","volume":"32","author":"Samela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2011.02.001","article-title":"Neonatal short bowel syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.104876","article-title":"Practical management of home parenteral nutrition in infancy","volume":"138","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1754","article-title":"Determinants of enteral autonomy and reduced PN exposure in pediatric intestinal failure","volume":"44","author":"Enman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003850","article-title":"Nutrition and intestinal rehabilitation in children with SBS: Part 2, long-term follow-up on home PN","volume":"77","author":"Norsa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.03.040","article-title":"Predictors of enteral autonomy in pediatric intestinal failure: Multicenter cohort","volume":"167","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"5","article-title":"Predicting basal metabolic rate, new standards and review of previous work","volume":"39","author":"Schofield","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.09.014","article-title":"Metabolic bone disease in pediatric intestinal failure is not associated with PN dependency","volume":"40","author":"Lambe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.07.017","article-title":"Plasma citrulline variation predicts PN-weaning in neonatal short bowel syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Proli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1691","article-title":"Early predictors of enteral autonomy in pediatric intestinal failure: Development of a severity scoring tool","volume":"43","author":"Belza","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2465","article-title":"Neonatal intestinal failure: Growth pattern and nutrition during PN weaning","volume":"47","author":"Roggero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607117695251","article-title":"When is parenteral nutrition appropriate?","volume":"41","author":"Worthington","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.62.06.575","article-title":"Treatment of short bowel syndrome in children: Value of intestinal rehabilitation program","volume":"62","author":"Tannuri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.06.953","article-title":"ESPGHAN\/ESPEN\/ESPR\/CSPEN guidelines on pediatric parenteral nutrition: Organizational aspects","volume":"37","author":"Puntis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2317","article-title":"Impact of infusion frequency on quality of life in home PN patients","volume":"46","author":"Stanner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000212679.14172.33","article-title":"Strategies for PN weaning in adult SBS","volume":"40","author":"Dibaise","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11179","article-title":"When PN is the answer: Pediatric intestinal rehabilitation case series","volume":"39","author":"Kaenkumchorn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533617707493","article-title":"Oral feeding difficulties in children with short bowel syndrome: Narrative review","volume":"33","author":"Hopkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.08.018","article-title":"Feeding difficulties and risk factors in pediatric intestinal failure","volume":"40","author":"Boctor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.07.015","article-title":"Multiple micronutrient deficiencies during and after transition to enteral nutrition","volume":"163","author":"Ubesie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000002090","article-title":"Growth, body composition, and micronutrient abnormalities after weaning off home PN","volume":"67","author":"Neelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12427","article-title":"Vitamin and trace element status in children with SBS being weaned off PN","volume":"80","author":"Tuokkola","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2010.12.049","article-title":"High prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies in children with intestinal failure: A longitudinal study","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.03.036","article-title":"Nutrition assessment in children with short bowel syndrome weaned off parenteral nutrition: A long-term follow-up study","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10113","article-title":"Bacteria, Bones, and Stones: Managing Complications of Short Bowel Syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1152","article-title":"Essential fatty acid deficiency risk during intestinal rehabilitation","volume":"42","author":"Gunnar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:53:24Z","timestamp":1767689604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18020180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18020180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]}}}