{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:07:53Z","timestamp":1791284873876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University Development Foundation","award":["2025004015423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025004015423"]}]},{"name":"University of Health Sciences","award":["2019\/019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation, oxidative stress, and disruption of intestinal metabolic homeostasis. Immunomodulatory nutrients such as arginine, glutamine, and \u03b2-hydroxy \u03b2-methylbutyrate (HMB) have shown potential benefits; however, their combined molecular effects on UC remain insufficiently defined. Objective: To investigate the individual and combined effects of arginine, glutamine, and HMB on inflammatory and metabolic gene expression, oxidative stress markers, and histopathological outcomes in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Methods: Female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to six groups: control, DSS, DSS + arginine, DSS + glutamine, DSS + HMB, and DSS + mixture. Colitis was induced using 3% DSS. Colon tissues were examined histologically, serum MDA, MPO, and GSH levels were quantified, and mRNA expression of IL6, IL10, COX2, NOS2, ARG2, CCR1, and ALDH4A1 was measured by RT-qPCR. Pathway enrichment analyses were performed to interpret cytokine and metabolic network regulation. Results: DSS induced severe mucosal injury, elevated MDA and MPO, reduced GSH, and significantly increased IL6, COX2, NOS2, ARG2, and CCR1 expression. Glutamine demonstrated the strongest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by decreasing IL6 and COX2 and restoring GSH. Arginine primarily modulated nitric oxide\u2013related pathways, whereas HMB increased ALDH4A1 expression and metabolic adaptation. The combination treatment produced more balanced modulation across inflammatory, chemokine, and metabolic pathways, consistent with enrichment results highlighting cytokine signaling and amino acid metabolism. Histopathological improvement was greatest in the mixture group. Conclusions: Arginine, glutamine, and HMB ameliorate DSS-induced colitis through coordinated regulation of cytokine networks, oxidative stress responses, and metabolic pathways. Their combined use yields broader and more harmonized therapeutic effects than individual administration, supporting their potential as targeted immunonutritional strategies for UC. Rather than targeting a single inflammatory mediator, this study was designed to test whether combined immunonutrient supplementation could promote coordinated regulation of cytokine signaling, oxidative stress responses, and metabolic adaptation, thereby facilitating mucosal repair in experimental colitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1767954952000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Therapeutic Effect of Arginine, Glutamine and \u03b2-Hydroxy \u03b2-Methyl Butyrate Mixture as Nutritional Support on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1878-9412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvan","family":"Y\u0131lmaz Aky\u00fcz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0917-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cebrail","family":"Aky\u00fcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ezgi Nurdan","family":"Yenilmez Tunoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Techniques and Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Demiroglu Science University, 34394 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9463-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meryem","family":"Dogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8214-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Banu","family":"Bayram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-9644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yusuf","family":"Tutar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, 34668 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Division of Medicinal Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53020 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Training and Research Hospital, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53020 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Medical Oncology Program, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Molecular Medicine Program, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Mansilla, M.J., Rodr\u00edguez Sojo, M.J., Lista, A.R., Ayala Mosqueda, C.V., Ruiz Malag\u00f3n, A.J., G\u00e1lvez, J., Rodr\u00edguez Nogales, A., and Rodr\u00edguez S\u00e1nchez, M.J. (2025). Exploring Gut Microbiota Imbalance in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Probiotics and Their Metabolites. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223565"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-024-04711-x","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease, 1990\u20132021: Insights from the global burden of disease 2021","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2403","article-title":"Oxidative stress and DNA damage: Implications in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"21","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00011-0","article-title":"Inflammation and malnutrition in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Massironi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balestrieri, P., Ribolsi, M., Guarino, M.P.L., Emerenziani, S., Altomare, A., and Michele, C. (2020). Nutritional Aspects in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Nutrients, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020372"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.012","article-title":"Risk of Serious and Opportunistic Infections Associated with Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"155","author":"Kirchgesner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., and Wang, J. (2024). The Effect of Protein Nutritional Support on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Potential Mechanisms. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142302"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Association (2024). Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Expert Opinion Report 2024, Bilim ila\u00e7. Available online: https:\/\/ibhd.org.tr\/dosya\/Uzman_Gorus_Raporu_30122024.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Wang, X., and Hu, C.-A.A. (2017). Therapeutic Potential of Amino Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090920"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, W., Yin, J., Wu, M., Liu, G., Yang, G., Xion, Y., Su, D., Wu, L., Li, T., and Chen, S. (2014). Serum amino acids profile and the beneficial effects of L-arginine or L-glutamine supplementation in dextran sulfate sodium colitis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088335"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000790","article-title":"L-Arginine availability and metabolism is altered in ulcerative colitis","volume":"22","author":"Coburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.12.023","article-title":"Effects of glutamine supplementation on inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review of clinical trials","volume":"42","author":"Severo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156492","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting ERK\/NF-\u03baB activation in macrophages","volume":"139","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5152","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00769E","article-title":"Beta-hydroxy beta-methyl butyrate decreases muscle protein degradation via increased Akt\/FoxO3a signaling and mitochondrial biogenesis in weanling piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"10","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110839","article-title":"Dietary \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate improves intestinal function in weaned piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"78","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2008.12.017","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxy-\u03b2-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Stimulates Myogenic Cell Proliferation, Differentiation and Survival via the MAPK\/ERK and PI3K\/Akt Pathways","volume":"1793","author":"Kornasio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-025-10262-7","article-title":"\u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methylbutyrate supplementation mitigates muscle atrophy induced by inactivity and protein deprivation","volume":"26","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Mixture of Arginine, Glutamine, and \u03b2-hydroxy-\u03b2-methyl Butyrate Enhances the Healing of Ischemic Wounds in Rats","volume":"41","author":"Temel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310187","article-title":"Development and validation of the Nancy histological index for UC","volume":"66","author":"Salleron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coskun, K.A., Tutar, L., \u00c7ifci, K.U., Al, M., Koca, I., Gumus, M., Gulum, L., Capkinoglu, E., and Tutar, Y. (2025). Anticancer and Immunomodulatory Effects of a Thiazolyl Benzodiazepine Targeting HSP90 in ER+ Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18111665"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112846","article-title":"Morin Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice via Inhibition of Inflammation and Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"140","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Xu, X., Pan, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, Z., and Cai, S. (2025). Integrative Multi-Omics Reveals the Anti-Colitis Mechanisms of Polygonatum kingianum Collett & Hemsl Polysaccharides in a Mouse DSS Model. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17172895"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2023.v13.i5.14","article-title":"Effects of Glutamine and Arginine Combination on Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines","volume":"13","author":"Maulydia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M.H., and Kim, H. (2017). The Roles of Glutamine in the Intestine and Its Implication in Intestinal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051051"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2011.52.6.892","article-title":"Glutamine as an Immunonutrient","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coburn, L.A., Gong, X., Singh, K., Asim, M., Scull, B.P., Allaman, M.M., Williams, C.S., Rosen, M.J., Washington, M.K., and Barry, D.P. (2012). l-arginine supplementation improves responses to injury and inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium colitis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033546"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.11.039","article-title":"L-Arginine and L-Glutamine as Immunonutrients and Modulating Agents for Oxidative Stress and Toxicity Induced by Sodium Nitrite in Rats","volume":"49","author":"Khalil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S442154","article-title":"The Role of AMPK Signaling in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.05.022","article-title":"Variation in Interleukin-6 Receptor Gene Associates with Risk of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"155","author":"Parisinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20148","article-title":"IL-6 Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathophysiological Role and Clinical Relevance","volume":"13","author":"Mudter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7247238","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7247238","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review and Update on the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhendi, A., and Naser, S.A. (2023). The Dual Role of Interleukin-6 in Crohn\u2019s Disease Pathophysiology. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1295230"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, X., Zhu, Y., Zhao, Z., Chu, Y., and Yang, W. (2023). The Role of Amino Acid Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1284133"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"80","article-title":"L-Arginine as a Novel Target for Clinical Intervention in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"1","author":"Mattner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Explor. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.08.040","article-title":"COX-2-PGE2 Signaling Impairs Intestinal Epithelial Regeneration and Associates with TNF Inhibitor Responsiveness in Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S.-Y., Im, Y.N., Youm, J.Y., Lee, H.-K., and Im, S.-Y. (2018). l-Glutamine Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis via Induction of MAPK Phosphatase-1. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030288"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.04.012","article-title":"Glutamine Inhibits Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression and Downregulates NF-\u03baB Pathway in Experimental Colitis","volume":"236","author":"Fillmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sugihara, K., Morhardt, T.L., and Kamada, N. (2019). The Role of Dietary Nutrients in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03183"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz176","article-title":"Deletion of IL-6 Exacerbates Colitis and Induces Systemic Inflammation in IL-10-Deficient Mice","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2013.17","article-title":"Higher activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase contributes to very early onset inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Dhillon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01984.x","article-title":"Nitric Oxide in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"113","author":"Kolios","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac070","article-title":"Arginine metabolism regulates the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"81","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-024-02104-z","article-title":"Arginase 2 attenuates ulcerative colitis by antioxidant effects of spermidine","volume":"59","author":"Imazu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.08.004","article-title":"Enhancing arginase 2 expression using target site blockers as a strategy to modulate macrophage phenotype","volume":"29","author":"Nally","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152763","article-title":"CCL9\/CCR1 chemokine signaling plays a protective role in limiting intestinal inflammation by maintaining an anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage pool in the intestinal lamina propria","volume":"786","author":"Kagoshima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612033454937","article-title":"CCR1 Chemokine Receptor Antagonist","volume":"9","author":"Saeki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000540460","article-title":"Inflammatory Role of CCR1 in the Central Nervous System","volume":"31","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00821-5","article-title":"CCR1 Activation Promotes Neuroinflammation After Intracerebral Hemorrhage","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"91","article-title":"IL-10 Responsiveness and Anti-TNF Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"3","author":"Bloemendaal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312302","article-title":"Neutralizing Autoantibodies Against IL-10 in IBD","volume":"391","author":"Griffin","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crespo, I., San-Miguel, B., Prause, C., Marroni, N., Cuevas, M.J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gallego, J., and Tu\u00f1\u00f3n, M.J. (2012). Glutamine Treatment Attenuates ER Stress and Apoptosis in TNBS-Induced Colitis. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050407"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.010","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenases in cellular responses to oxidative\/electrophilicstress","volume":"56","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.48","article-title":"Macrophage and dendritic cell subsets in IBD: ALDH+ cells are reduced in colon tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis regardless of inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Magnusson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/208\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T05:14:52Z","timestamp":1768108492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18020208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18020208","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]}}}