{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:44:36Z","timestamp":1784907876993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Designs for Health Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gut barrier dysfunction and altered gut microbial metabolism are emerging signatures of chronic gut disorders. Considering growing interest in combining structurally and mechanistically distinct bioactives, we investigated the individual and combined effects of serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin (SBI) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) on the gut microbiome and barrier integrity. Methods: The validated ex vivo SIFR\u00ae (Systemic Intestinal Fermentation Research) technology, using microbiota from healthy adults (n = 6), was combined with a co-culture of epithelial\/immune (Caco-2\/THP-1) cells. Results: While SBI and NAG already significantly improved gut barrier integrity (TEER, transepithelial electrical resistance, +21% and +29%, respectively), the strongest effect was observed for SBI_NAG (+36%). This potent combined effect related to the observation that SBI and NAG each induced distinct, complementary shifts in microbial composition and metabolite output. SBI most selectively increased propionate (~Bacteroidota families) and health-associated indole derivatives (e.g., indole-3-propionic acid), while NAG most specifically boosted acetate and butyrate (~Bifidobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae). The combination of SBI_NAG displayed effects of the individual ingredients, thus, for instance, enhancing all three short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and elevating microbial diversity (CMS, community modulation score). Conclusions: Overall, SBI and NAG exert complementary, metabolically balanced effects on the gut microbiota, supporting combined use, particularly in individuals with gut barrier impairment or dysbiosis linked to lifestyle or early-stage gastrointestinal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1767954952000},"page":"210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["N-Acetylglucosamine and Immunoglobulin Strengthen Gut Barrier Integrity via Complementary Microbiome Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9593-3182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"De Beul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8858-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmine","family":"Heyse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jurgelewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Designs for Health Inc., 14 Commerce Blvd., Palm Coast, FL 32164, USA"},{"name":"Human Nutrition Institute, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4872-6875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Baudot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5078-7532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lam Dai","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1399-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Van den Abbeele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cryptobiotix SA, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 82, 9052 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in Health and Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. 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