{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T06:21:14Z","timestamp":1786688474089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is involved in immune regulation through effects on innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by vitamin D receptor activation within immune cells. Experimental and translational studies support its role in promoting regulatory T-cell activity, modulating Th1\/Th17 responses, and influencing autoantibody production. At the population level, low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are consistently associated with an increased risk of autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disorders such as Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves\u2019 disease (GD), suggesting a potential preventive association. In contrast, clinical evidence from interventional studies in patients with established disease is heterogeneous. Although vitamin D supplementation has been associated with reductions in thyroid autoantibody titers in some studies\u2014particularly in patients with HT and baseline vitamin D deficiency\u2014consistent effects on thyroid function, disease progression, or relapse prevention have not been demonstrated. Overall, current evidence supports vitamin D deficiency as a potentially modifiable risk marker rather than a confirmed disease-modifying therapeutic target in autoimmune thyroid diseases, highlighting the need for further studies focused on clinically meaningful outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T14:15:50Z","timestamp":1767968150000},"page":"217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Role of Vitamin D in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: From Immunomodulation to Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Bendotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Teaching Hospital, Via Venezia 16, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9278-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Ragni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Teaching Hospital, Via Venezia 16, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Leporati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Teaching Hospital, Via Venezia 16, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Biamonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo Teaching Hospital, Via Venezia 16, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7166-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Unit, SS. 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