{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T10:31:10Z","timestamp":1768213870931,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiometabolic risk (CMR), including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose regulation, disproportionately affects Hispanic\/Latinx adults in the United States (U.S.). Although plant-forward dietary patterns are established as cardioprotective, less is known about how dietary patterns within Hispanic\/Latinx subgroups relate to CMR. Methods: A narrative review was conducted of observational studies among U.S. Hispanic\/Latinx adults (\u226518 years) examining defined dietary patterns (a priori, a posteriori, or hybrid) in relation to CMR outcomes (e.g., BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, glucose, lipids). Risk of bias was assessed using an adapted version of the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria, including Seventh-day Adventist Latinx, Puerto Rican adults, Mexican American adults, Hispanic women, and a national Hispanic cohort. Plant-forward dietary patterns were associated with lower BMI and waist circumference, lower triglycerides and fasting glucose, and higher HDL-C. In contrast, energy-dense patterns characterized by refined grains, added sugars, processed meats, fried foods, solid fats, and sugar-sweetened beverages were associated with greater adiposity, poorer lipid profiles, and higher blood pressure. Traditional rice-and-beans\u2013based patterns observed in Puerto Rican and Mexican American groups were associated with central adiposity and higher metabolic syndrome prevalence, despite modestly higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, and fiber. Study quality ranged from good (n = 4) to very good (n = 6). Conclusions: Across Hispanic\/Latinx subgroups, plant-forward dietary patterns were associated with favorable cardiometabolic profiles, whereas refined and animal-based patterns aligned with higher CMR. Given the predominance of cross-sectional evidence, these findings should be interpreted as associative rather than causal. Culturally grounded dietary counseling, along with additional longitudinal and intervention studies, is needed to support cardiometabolic health in these populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:30:34Z","timestamp":1768203034000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plant-Forward Dietary Approaches to Reduce the Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease Among Hispanic\/Latinx Adults Living in the United States: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Franze","family":"De La Calle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Bagienska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-6895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannette M.","family":"Beasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-4572.2009.00054.x","article-title":"Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Kirk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, May 28). The Top 10 Causes of Death. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/the-top-10-causes-of-death."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7303a1","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases among racial and ethnic subgroups in adults\u2014Behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 2013\u20132021","volume":"73","author":"Koyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.04.046","article-title":"Trends and disparities in cardiometabolic health among US adults, 1999\u20132018","volume":"80","author":"Lauren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03439-y","article-title":"Cardiometabolic diseases, total mortality, and benefits of adherence to a healthy lifestyle: A 13-year prospective UK Biobank study","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968735","article-title":"Components of a cardioprotective diet: New insights","volume":"123","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2023.10.001","article-title":"Dietary patterns and health: Insights from NESR systematic reviews to inform the dietary guidelines for Americans","volume":"56","author":"English","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.212","article-title":"Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic health: Clinical evidence and mechanism","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-012-0282-8","article-title":"Mozaffarian, Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes\u2013an updated review of the evidence","volume":"14","author":"Micha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw319","article-title":"Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality\u2014A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"46","author":"Aune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"233","article-title":"A look at plant-based diets","volume":"118","author":"Clem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.02.004","article-title":"Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health","volume":"28","author":"Satija","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Guidelines Advisory Committee (2020). Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2020. Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Part, D. Chapter 8: Dietary Patterns."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2021.103194","article-title":"PICO: What it is and what it is not","volume":"56","author":"Schiavenato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurse Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5596\/c14-016","article-title":"Product review: Covidence (systematic review software)","volume":"35","author":"Babineau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Can. Health Libr. Assoc.\/J. L\u2019association Des Biblioth\u00e8ques La Sant\u00e9 Du Can."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0234348","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234348","article-title":"Prevalence of viral hepatitis B in Ghana between 2015 and 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Abesig","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1999.10718840","article-title":"Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes in two groups of Hispanic Americans with differing dietary habits","volume":"18","author":"Alexander","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.105874","article-title":"A traditional rice and beans pattern is associated with metabolic syndrome in Puerto Rican older adults","volume":"139","author":"Noel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Del Campo, Y.E. (2020). Dietary Patterns Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk for Puerto Ricans with and Without Diabetes, and the Psychosocial Health Correlates of Adherence to the Disease-Related Patterns. [Doctoral Dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.07.016","article-title":"A study of dietary patterns in the Mexican-American population and their association with obesity","volume":"107","author":"Carrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osborn, B., and Haemer, M.A. (2023). Dietary patterns and their association with cardiometabolic biomarkers and outcomes among Hispanic adults: A cross-sectional study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013\u20132018). Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214641"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, P.N., Jaceldo-Siegl, K., Shih, W., Collado, N., Le, L.T., Silguero, K., Estevez, D., Jordan, M., Flores, H., and Hayes-Bautista, D.E. (2019). Plant-based diets are associated with lower adiposity levels among Hispanic\/Latino adults in the Adventist Multi-Ethnic Nutrition (AMEN) study. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00088"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117119828285","article-title":"Plant-based diets in hispanic\/latino adult adventists in the United States and their association with body mass index","volume":"33","author":"Estevez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.06.007","article-title":"Fat-related dietary behaviors of adult Puerto Ricans, with and without diabetes, in New York City","volume":"106","author":"Melnik","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016003311","article-title":"Healthy eating patterns associated with acculturation, sex and BMI among Mexican Americans","volume":"20","author":"Reininger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00782-y","article-title":"Dietary patterns with healthy and unhealthy traits among overweight\/obese Hispanic women with or at high risk for type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Lindberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chew, H.S.J., Heng, F.K.X., Tien, S.A., Thian, J.Y., Chou, H.S., Loong, S.S.E., Ang, W.H.D., Chew, N.W.S., and Lo, K.-H.K. (2023). Effects of plant-based diets on anthropometric and cardiometabolic markers in adults: An umbrella review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102331"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-00981-4","article-title":"Update on plant-based diets and cardiometabolic risk","volume":"24","author":"Aspry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gashugi, L., Oh, J., Mashchak, A., and Fraser, G. (2023). Lifestyle-related behavior and self-reported health status among Seventh-day Adventists. Am. J. Lifestyle Med., 15598276231184401.","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276231184401"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02235-5","article-title":"Optimal dietary patterns for prevention of chronic disease","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90247-6","article-title":"Dietary acculturation: Applications to nutrition research and dietetics","volume":"102","author":"Patterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4797.2010.01050.x","article-title":"Acculturation, socioeconomic status, and health among Hispanics","volume":"34","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Napa Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171211059806","article-title":"How socioeconomic status and acculturation relate to dietary behaviors within Latino populations","volume":"36","author":"Alegria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"226","article-title":"Clinical Epidemiology Workshop 6\u2014Sources of bias in cross-sectional studies; summary on sources of bias for different study designs","volume":"18","author":"Ignatius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","article-title":"Cross-sectional studies: Strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.09.006","article-title":"Dietary plant-to-animal protein ratio and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 prospective cohorts","volume":"120","author":"Glenn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T07:33:43Z","timestamp":1768203223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18020220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18020220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]}}}