{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:20:21Z","timestamp":1790018421227,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) describes the situation of a fetus that fails to reach its genetic growth potential. Postnatal catch-up growth represents a central adaptive process, yet its timing and magnitude vary widely and may influence one individual\u2019s state of health and later metabolic risk. This study aimed to characterize longitudinal growth trajectories from birth to 10 years in children born at term, affected antenatally by growth restriction, with a particular focus on the influence of sex and FGR severity on catch-up growth. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study including 170 term-born children with documented FGR, admitted to a tertiary pediatric center between 2019 and 2023. Anthropometric data (weight, length\/height, BMI) at birth, 1, 2, 5, and 10 years were converted to World Health Organization (WHO) age- and sex-adjusted z-scores. Catch-up growth was defined as an increase of &gt;0.67 SD. Participants were stratified by sex and FGR severity (moderate: 10th\u20133rd percentile; severe: &lt;3rd percentile). Results: Severe FGR infants exhibited significantly lower birth anthropometrics but demonstrated more pronounced early catch-up in weight and length at 1 and 2 years (p &lt; 0.01). By 5 and 10 years, growth trajectories converged between severity groups, with no differences in BMI at any age. Sex influenced absolute anthropometric values but not the probability of achieving catch-up growth. Conclusions: Among term-born FGR infants, severity\u2014but not sex\u2014shapes early postnatal growth. Despite early deficits, most children achieved substantial catch-up, underscoring the need for careful monitoring to support healthy, proportionate growth and mitigate subsequent metabolic risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:17:32Z","timestamp":1768292252000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Growth Recovery After Fetal Growth Restriction: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Term-Born Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Anca","family":"Adam-Raileanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-0237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alin Horatiu","family":"Nedelcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8147-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ancuta","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viorel","family":"\u021aarc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Apollonia University, 700511 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bozomitu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenza","family":"Forna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"Ioniuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-0593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Mihai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-2484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Chisnoiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University, 900470 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3018-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"\u021aarc\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7083-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ionela Daniela","family":"Morariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Anton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Puha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile Valeriu","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20272","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Ultrasound Assessment of Fetal Biometry and Growth","volume":"53","author":"Salomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15884","article-title":"Consensus Definition of Fetal Growth Restriction: A Delphi Procedure","volume":"48","author":"Gordijn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(00)00421-8","article-title":"Origins of Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"92","author":"Robinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.02.007","article-title":"Optimizing the Definition of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: The Multicenter Prospective PORTO Study","volume":"208","author":"Unterscheider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13787","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.13787","article-title":"The Effect of Maternal Haemoglobinopathies and Iron Deficiency Anaemia on Foetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Jayalakshmi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Matern. Child Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam-Raileanu, A., Miron, I., Lupu, A., Bozomitu, L., Sasaran, M.O., Russu, R., Rosu, S.T., Nedelcu, A.H., Salaru, D.L., and Baciu, G. (2025). Fetal Growth Restriction and Its Metabolism-Related Long-Term Outcomes. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030555"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000001203","article-title":"Fetal Growth Restriction: A Comprehensive Review of Major Guidelines","volume":"78","author":"Giouleka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"28","article-title":"Hormonal Regulation of Fetal Growth","volume":"65","author":"Gicquel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.082792","article-title":"Ambient Air Pollutant Concentrations during Pregnancy and the Risk of Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"63","author":"Rich","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90765-7","article-title":"Factors Influencing Fetal Growth","volume":"142","author":"Vorherr","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev202088","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.202088","article-title":"Maternal\u2013Fetal Cross-Talk via the Placenta: Influence on Offspring Development and Metabolism","volume":"150","author":"Kramer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.178167","article-title":"Gestational Exposure to Carbon Black Nanoparticles Triggered Fetal Growth Restriction in Mice","volume":"959","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gumina, D.L., and Su, E.J. (2017). Endothelial Progenitor Cells of the Human Placenta and Fetoplacental Circulation. Front. Pediatr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00041"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.1106","article-title":"Early Detection and Prevention of Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"174","author":"Guerby","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00fcsken, E., Appel, S., Saschin, L., Kuiper-Makris, C., Oberholz, L., Sch\u00f6mig, C., Tauscher, A., D\u00f6tsch, J., Kribs, A., and Alcazar, M.A.A. (2024). Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Need to Improve Diagnostic Accuracy. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13060501"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S40070","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91340-1","article-title":"Infant Mortality, Childhood Nutrition and Ischaemic Heart Disease","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044160","article-title":"Trajectories of Growth and Adult Coronary Events","volume":"353","author":"Barker","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200606000-00009","article-title":"Adult Consequences of Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"49","author":"Barker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1154525","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction\u2014Part 2","volume":"29","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1003","article-title":"The Placental Epigenome: Correlations with Fetal Growth","volume":"10","author":"Wedd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2","article-title":"Perinatal Energy Metabolism with Reference to Intrauterine Growth Retardation and Catch-Up Growth","volume":"87","author":"Diderholm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70513-8","article-title":"Morbidity and Mortality among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Restriction","volume":"182","author":"Bernstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.937995","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction results in remodeled and less efficient hearts in children","volume":"121","author":"Crispi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.055","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction: New Concepts in Antenatal Surveillance, Diagnosis, and Management","volume":"204","author":"Figueras","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"108","article-title":"Effect of Chronic Hypoxia on Placental Amino Acid Transport","volume":"148","author":"Chassen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1407-3","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction, catch-up growth and the early origins of insulin resistance and visceral obesity","volume":"25","author":"Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm.2010.041","article-title":"Fetal Growth Restriction\u2014From Observation to Intervention","volume":"38","author":"Baschat","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2008.04.010","article-title":"Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.03.004","article-title":"Maternal Sleep before and during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Warland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.40","article-title":"Catch-Up Growth: Implications for the Preterm and Term Infant","volume":"64","author":"Cooke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.5.625","article-title":"Adult Functional Outcome of Those Born Small for Gestational Age","volume":"283","author":"Strauss","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"67","article-title":"Catch-Up Growth in Humans: A Risk Factor for Obesity?","volume":"57","author":"Dulloo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-019-0440-y","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction and overweight, obesity, and stunting in adolescents of indigenous communities of Chiapas, Mexico","volume":"74","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"143","article-title":"Rapid Infancy Weight Gain and Subsequent Obesity: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"7","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.234","article-title":"Body Composition Phenotypes in Pathways to Obesity","volume":"34","author":"Dulloo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3006","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3006","article-title":"Pathways of Infant and Childhood Growth That Lead to Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Eriksson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042275","article-title":"Premature Birth and Later Insulin Resistance in Childhood","volume":"351","author":"Hofman","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2778","article-title":"Early Development of Adiposity and Insulin Resistance after Catch-Up Weight Gain in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children","volume":"91","author":"Ong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Is Birth Weight Related to Later Obesity?","volume":"27","author":"Newsome","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e1146","article-title":"Prediction of Childhood Obesity by Infant and Childhood Growth Patterns","volume":"130","author":"Wilson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.3.726","article-title":"Programming of Lean Body Mass: A Link between Birth Weight, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease?","volume":"77","author":"Singhal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7240.967","article-title":"Association between Postnatal Catch-Up Growth and Obesity in Childhood","volume":"320","author":"Ong","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"94","article-title":"Low Birthweight and Adult Insulin Resistance: The Role of Postnatal Catch-Up Growth","volume":"88","author":"Cianfarani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.03.107","article-title":"Catch-up growth in girls born small for gestational age precedes childhood progression to high adiposity","volume":"96","author":"Diaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.02.041","article-title":"Preterm Birth as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"210","author":"Markopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105199","article-title":"Postnatal growth during the first five years of life in SGA and AGA neonates with reduced fetal growth","volume":"151","author":"Hendrix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"397","article-title":"Neonatal Neurobehavior and Parenting Stress in IUGR and Preterm Infants","volume":"49","author":"Feldman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"91","article-title":"Small for Gestational Age and Later Health","volume":"62","author":"Jaquet","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e318165c005","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction affects the preterm infant\u2019s hippocampus","volume":"63","author":"Lodygensky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000353631","article-title":"Neurodevelopment following Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"36","author":"Baschat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"141.e1","article-title":"Fetal Heart Function and Perinatal Outcome after FGR","volume":"211","author":"Albright","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"256","article-title":"Doppler and Perinatal Outcome in Early-Onset FGR","volume":"33","author":"Deb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399095","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth","volume":"36","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7283.375","article-title":"The fetal origins of adult disease","volume":"322","author":"Robinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"7","article-title":"Fetal Programming, Epigenetics, and Metabolic Disease","volume":"165","author":"Lane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"318","article-title":"Long-Term Cardiovascular Consequences of FGR","volume":"14","author":"Crispi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa110","article-title":"Gestational weight gain, birthweight and early-childhood obesity: Between- and within-family comparisons","volume":"49","author":"Badon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199511000-00017","article-title":"Growth in Full-Term Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants: From Birth to Final Height","volume":"38","author":"Karlberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Early Spontaneous Catch-Up Growth","volume":"15","author":"Karlberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174419000369","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction Affects Z-Scores of Anthropometric Parameters during the First 6 Years in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Children Born at <30 Weeks","volume":"11","author":"Shoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518779305","article-title":"Growth of Infants and Young Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Growth Restriction Accompanied by Overweight","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-015-0039-9","article-title":"Ghrelin, Adipokines, and Metabolic Factors Related to Weight Status in Schoolchildren","volume":"12","author":"Rambhojan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1618","article-title":"Early Development of Visceral Fat Excess after Spontaneous Catch-Up Growth in Children with Low Birth Weight","volume":"93","author":"Valls","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2019.10.008","article-title":"The Placental Basis of Fetal Growth Restriction","volume":"47","author":"Zur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.4.516","article-title":"Catch-Up Growth in Small-for-Gestational-Age Term Infants: A Randomized Trial","volume":"74","author":"Fewtrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin, E.J., Hiscock, R.J., Robinson, A.J., Hui, L., Tong, S., Dane, K.M., Middleton, A.L., Walker, S.P., and MacDonald, T.M. (2020). Appropriate-for-gestational-age infants who exhibit reduced antenatal growth velocity display postnatal catch-up growth. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238700"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.27","article-title":"Effects of Early Postnatal Growth Restriction and Subsequent Catch-Up Growth on Body Composition and Insulin Sensitivity in Rats","volume":"73","author":"Jou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.03.010","article-title":"Catch-Up Growth Following Food Restriction Exacerbates Adult Glucose Intolerance in Pigs Exposed to Intrauterine Undernutrition","volume":"32","author":"Beermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cauzzo, C., Chiavaroli, V., Di Valerio, S., and Chiarelli, F. (2023). Birth Size, Growth Trajectory and Later Cardiometabolic Risk. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1187261"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.196","article-title":"Catch-Up Growth Following IUGR Programmes Insulin-Resistant Phenotype in Adipose Tissue","volume":"37","author":"Berends","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13380","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13380","article-title":"Low Birth Weight and SGA Are Associated with Childhood and Adolescence Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Goni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-015-0012-2","article-title":"Rapid growth in early childhood associated with young adult overweight and obesity--evidence from a community based cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Sutharsan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12928","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12928","article-title":"Determinants of Rapid Infant Weight Gain: A Pooled Analysis of Seven Cohorts","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-024-09885-x","article-title":"Inadequate linear catch-up growth in children born small for gestational age: Influencing factors and underlying mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, R.F.L., Hesketh, K.D., Vuillermin, P., Dodd, J., Wen, L.M., Baur, L.A., Taylor, R., Byrne, R., Mihrshahi, S., and Sly, P.D. (2012). Factors Associated with Height Catch-Up and Catch-Down Growth among Schoolchildren. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032903"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/243\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T08:28:10Z","timestamp":1768292890000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/243"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18020243"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18020243","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]}}}