{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:55:35Z","timestamp":1790924135542,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin K has emerged as a promising regulator of glucose metabolism in preclinical studies. There is, however, scant evidence to support this promising potential in a clinical setting. Aim: The aim of this study was to confirm the effects of vitamin K supplementation on glycaemic parameters such as fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FI), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and homeostatic model of beta cell function (HOMA-\u03b2) across randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Materials and Methods: This meta-analysis used evidence from PubMed, Scopus, and manual screening. Only RCTs were considered for this meta-analysis of interventional studies. The Meta online tool was used to analyse data, with the results reported as either the mean or the standardised mean difference (SMD), alongside 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Only eight RCTs were found relevant and analysed; the age of those in the vitamin K group was 50.58 \u00b1 6.91 years, and in the control group, it was 48.19 \u00b1 5.41. The evidence showed a significant reduction in FBG, SMD = \u22120.22 (\u22120.39 to \u22120.05), HbA1c, MD = \u22121.00%, 95% CI (\u22121.92 to \u22120.07), and HOMA-IR, MD = \u22120.63, 95% CI (\u22121.20 to \u22120.06). However, no effect was observed on insulin (SMD = \u22120.39, 95% CI: \u22120.91 to 0.13, p = 0.15) and HOMA-\u03b2 (MD = 6.56, 95% CI (\u22123.89 to 17.01), p = 0.2184. Low doses of vitamin K2 and vitamin K1 were associated with reduced HbA1c and HOMA-IR, respectively. An intervention of less than 12 weeks was associated with reduced HOMA-IR. Conclusions: This study showed a significant decrease in FBG, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR without affecting insulin or HOMA-\u03b2. Nevertheless, the limited number of trials with moderate quality warrants larger, longer-term RCTs with rigorous methodology and direct comparisons of vitamin K isoforms to better assess therapeutic potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:12:04Z","timestamp":1768403524000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Differential Effects of Vitamin K Across Glycaemic Outcomes in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Syeda Ruwaida","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kabelo","family":"Mokgalaboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7769-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy N.","family":"Phoswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Word Health Organization (2025, November 20). 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