{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T01:05:49Z","timestamp":1768525549424,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Corpus atrophic gastritis (CAG) is associated with vitamin B12 deficiency due to impaired gastric acid and intrinsic factor secretion. Untreated vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia, severe neurological consequences, and acute cardiocerebral-vascular events. Timely vitamin B12 supplementation is relevant; however, the dosage of intramuscular (IM) vitamin B12 supplementation has not been standardized to date. The objective was to assess the efficacy of a 1st and 2nd treatment schedule of IM-cyanocobalamin treatment in CAG patients with vitamin B12 deficiency at long-term follow-up and to identify the predictors of increased cyanocobalamin requirement. Methods: This monocentric real-life cohort study included 213 CAG patients with vitamin B12 deficiency. Inclusion criteria were adult age, histological diagnosis of CAG with vitamin B12 deficiency (&lt;220 pg\/mL), and follow-up of more than 12 months. The 1st-treatment-schedule (TxA) was 5000 \u00b5g IM cyanocobalamin every 5 days for 3 times, followed by 5000 \u00b5g IM cyanocobalamin every 3 mos (20,000 \u00b5g\/yr); the 2nd-treatment-schedule (TxB) was 5000 \u00b5g IM cyanocobalamin every 5 days for 3 times, followed by 5000 \u00b5g IM cyanocobalamin every 2 mos (30,000 \u00b5g\/yr). The treatment endpoint was serum vitamin B12 normalization. Clinical-biochemical follow-up was scheduled every 12 \u00b1 6 mos: patients who satisfied the endpoint maintained the TxA, otherwise, TxB was prescribed. Results: Of the 213 CAG patients with vitamin B12 deficiency, 48.3% had anemia, and 26.3% macrocytosis without anemia. TxA efficaciously corrected vitamin B12 deficiency in 146 (68.5%) patients, maintaining efficacy until the longest available follow-up (42.2 \u00b1 2.6 months). The remaining 67 patients (31.5%) were switched to TxB due to persistent vitamin B12 deficiency observed at 12 (6\u201336) months and were maintained until the longest available follow-up (50.2 \u00b1 4.1 months). At the longest available follow-up, a significant increase in Hb (TxA: 11.9 \u00b1 0.2 to 13.1 \u00b1 0.1 g\/dL, p &lt; 0.001; TxB: 12.2 \u00b1 0.3 to 13.6 \u00b1 0.2 g\/dL, p = 0.003) and serum vitamin B12 (TxA: 168 \u00b1 7 to 402 \u00b1 19 pg\/mL, p &lt; 0.0001; TxB: 157 \u00b1 12 to 340 \u00b1 24 pg\/mL, p &lt; 0.0001) was shown in both schedules. A significant decrease in MCV was shown in TxB only (p = 0.0003). In logistic regression, switching to TxB was significantly associated with severe corpus intestinal metaplasia (OR 11.0, 95% CI 2.8\u201343.7), macrocytosis at CAG diagnosis (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2\u20136.3), and male sex (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1\u20135.2). Conclusions: In this real-world setting, at long-term follow-up, nearly 70% of CAG patients with vitamin B12 deficiency restored their vitamin B12 levels with 20,000 \u00b5g\/yr of cyanocobalamin, while the remaining 30% required 30,000 \u00b5g\/yr. Male vitamin B12-deficient CAG patients with advanced gastric damage and severe macrocytosis required higher dosages of cyanocobalamin. They should be carefully monitored to avoid suboptimal supplementation and potentially dangerous consequences of vitamin B12 deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:12:04Z","timestamp":1768403524000},"page":"271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intramuscular Cyanocobalamin Treatment in Patients with Corpus Atrophic Gastritis and Vitamin B12 Deficiency: Efficacy and Predictors of Increased Requirement\u2014A Monocentric Longitudinal Real-Life Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Francesco Paolo","family":"Schiavone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Pivetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8395-0047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Scalamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pompili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micaela","family":"Magnante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-5048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9120-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Annibale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9503-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edith","family":"Lahner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2019.09.016","article-title":"Chronic atrophic gastritis: Natural history, diagnosis and therapeutic management. 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