{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T20:47:11Z","timestamp":1768596431535,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["166826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["166826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["215375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["215375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pediatric Major Depressive Disorder (pMDD) is one of the leading causes of disability in adolescents. There is currently no single explanation that fully accounts for the cause of the disorder, but various factors, including dysregulation of the immune and stress responses, have been linked to its onset. Oxylipins and endocannabinoids, derived from metabolization of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), regulate inflammation and have been suggested to attenuate inflammation associated with depression. This study aims to understand whether adolescents with pMDD have altered baseline levels of oxylipins and endocannabinoids compared to healthy adolescents. Methods: In this case\u2013control study, we measured 60 oxylipins and endocannabinoids in plasma from 82 adolescents with pMDD and their matching healthy controls. Results: A Principal Component Analysis revealed substantial variability within each group and only a moderate degree of separation between them. In a paired analysis, the lipid mediators of controls exhibited higher concentrations of n-6 PUFA-derived prostaglandins and thromboxanes (PGE2, PGD2, PGF2a and TXB2), n-3 PUFA-derived TxB3, and the endocannabinoids AEA, EPEA, and DHEA. In contrast, cases had higher concentrations of the n-6 PUFA-derived 6-keto-PGF1a and the n-3 PUFA-derived PGD3. In addition, we observed a higher percentage of oxylipins and endocannabinoids derived from DHA (5.65 \u00b1 5.46% vs. 4.72 \u00b1 4.94%) and AA (16.31 \u00b1 11.10% vs. 12.76 \u00b1 13.46%) in plasma from controls, in line with the higher DHA and AA levels observed in erythrocytes from controls compared to cases. Conclusions: Overall, our results show lower plasma levels of endocannabinoids and lower DHA- and AA-derived oxylipins in adolescents with pMDD, supporting their role in the pathophysiology of pMDD. To infer a causative role of the n-3 and n-6 PUFA-derived oxylipins and endocannabinoids in pMDD, an intervention study with n-3 PUFA supplementation and monitoring of oxylipins and endocannabinoids would be necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:08:21Z","timestamp":1768550901000},"page":"280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Altered Plasma Endocannabinoids and Oxylipins in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorders: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Akash","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children\u2019s Research Centre, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abinaya","family":"Sreetharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children\u2019s Research Centre, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Herter-Aeberli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Epigenetics, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"H\u00e4berling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannine","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregor E.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4472-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hersberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Children\u2019s Research Centre, University Children\u2019s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2024.1771","article-title":"Mortality in patients with major depressive disorder: A nationwide population-based cohort study with 11-year follow-up","volume":"67","author":"Bitter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00566-0","article-title":"National, regional, and global causes of mortality in 5\u201319-year-olds from 2000 to 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., and Kuai, M. (2025). The global burden of depression in adolescents and young adults, 1990\u20132021: Systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study. BMC Psychiatry, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07201-8"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiniger, C., Chok, L., Fernandes, D., and Barrense-Dias, Y. (2025). Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people in Switzerland and Liechtenstein in the post pandemic context. Discov. Psychol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s44202-025-00416-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7358.229","article-title":"Depression in children","volume":"325","author":"Hazell","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30385-3","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants for major depressive disorder in children and adolescents: A network meta-analysis","volume":"388","author":"Cipriani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalkman, H.O., Hersberger, M., Walitza, S., and Berger, G.E. (2021). Disentangling the Molecular Mechanisms of the Antidepressant Activity of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094393"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"CD014803","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for depression in children and adolescents","volume":"11","author":"Campisi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.05.007","article-title":"Lower docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in the postmortem prefrontal cortex of adult depressed suicide victims compared with controls without cardiovascular disease","volume":"47","author":"McNamara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112172","article-title":"Dietary of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids influence neurotransmitter systems of rats exposed to unpredictable chronic mild stress","volume":"376","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523002052","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of n-3 fatty acids supplementation on depression: A systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"131","author":"Norouziasl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13285","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11596","article-title":"A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Monotherapy for Adolescent Depression","volume":"79","author":"Gabbay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14720","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and depression: A review","volume":"53","author":"Troubat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oppedisano, F., Macr\u00ec, R., Gliozzi, M., Musolino, V., Carresi, C., Maiuolo, J., Bosco, F., Nucera, S., Zito, M.C., and Guarnieri, L. (2020). The Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of n-3 PUFAs: Their Role in Cardiovascular Protection. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8090306"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1901269","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201901269","article-title":"Nutritional Lipids and Mucosal Inflammation","volume":"65","author":"Wawrzyniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116509","article-title":"Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) activation attenuates obese asthma by suppressing adiposity and resolving metaflammation","volume":"174","author":"Son","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, M., Luo, W., Sui, Y., Li, Z., and Hua, J. (2015). Dietary n-3 PUFA Protects Mice from Con A Induced Liver Injury by Modulating Regulatory T Cells and PPAR-\u03b3 Expression. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132741"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerab, D., Blangero, F., da Costa, P.C.T., Alves, J.L.d.B., Kefi, R., Jamoussi, H., Morio, B., and Eljaafari, A. (2025). Beneficial Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Obesity and Related Metabolic and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071253"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.041","article-title":"GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects","volume":"142","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007732","article-title":"Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs","volume":"6","author":"Gabbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.4","article-title":"Specialized pro-resolving mediators: Endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Basil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2024.108753","article-title":"Pro-resolving lipid mediators and therapeutic innovations in resolution of inflammation","volume":"265","author":"Peh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-017-4292-8","article-title":"Interplay Between n-3 and n-6 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and the Endocannabinoid System in Brain Protection and Repair","volume":"52","author":"Dyall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes, J., Mayans, J., Guarro, M., Canosa, I., Mestre-Pint\u00f3, J., Fonseca, F., and Torrens, M. (2024). Peripheral endocannabinoids in major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-024-05986-8"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasbi, A., Madras, B.K., and George, S.R. (2023). Endocannabinoid System and Exogenous Cannabinoids in Depression and Anxiety: A Review. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020325"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1213898","article-title":"Metabolism of endocannabinoids","volume":"70","author":"Biernacki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. I Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5585","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system: Role in depression, reward and pain control (Review)","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06366-1","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system and its modulation of brain, gut, joint and skin inflammation","volume":"48","author":"Osafo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.046","article-title":"Associations of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and intake with paediatric major depressive disorder in Swiss adolescents: A case-control study","volume":"339","author":"Osuna","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4berling, I., Berger, G., Schmeck, K., Held, U., and Walitza, S. (2019). Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Treatment for Pediatric Depression. A Phase III, 36 Weeks, Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Superiority Study. Front. Psychiatry, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00863"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2021-0644","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators in human adolescents and mouse plasma using UHPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"59","author":"Hartling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadw1245","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.adw1245","article-title":"Technical recommendations for analyzing oxylipins by liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"18","author":"Schebb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uyama, T., Sasaki, S., Okada-Iwabu, M., and Murakami, M. (2025). Recent Progress in N-Acylethanolamine Research: Biological Functions and Metabolism Regulated by Two Distinct N-Acyltransferases: cPLA2\u03b5 and PLAAT Enzymes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073359"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-025-03401-8","article-title":"Major depressive disorder in children and adolescents is associated with reduced hair cortisol and anandamide (AEA): Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a large randomized clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Walther","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.03.013","article-title":"Circulating endocannabinoids and N-acyl ethanolamines are differentially regulated in major depression and following exposure to social stress","volume":"34","author":"Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2022.2070666","article-title":"Circulating inflammatory markers, cell-free mitochondrial DNA, cortisol, endocannabinoids, and N-acylethanolamines in female depressed outpatients","volume":"24","author":"Behnke","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2019.02.026","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of oleoylethanolamide in a primary care sample of depressed patients are increased in those treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-type antidepressants","volume":"149","author":"Pastor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.03.009","article-title":"Circulating endocannabinoids and affect regulation in human subjects","volume":"92","author":"Coccaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-993211","article-title":"Serum endocannabinoid content is altered in females with depressive disorders: A preliminary report","volume":"41","author":"Hill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2779","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2779","article-title":"Inverse correlation between plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels and subjective severity of depression","volume":"36","author":"Bersani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000501158","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy and Biological Regulations of \u03c9\u20133 PUFA-Derived Endocannabinoids in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother. Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14089","article-title":"An overview of major depression disorder: The endocannabinoid system as a potential target for therapy","volume":"135","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-05129-3","article-title":"The cellular and molecular basis of major depressive disorder: Towards a unified model for understanding clinical depression","volume":"47","author":"Pitsillou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.122.000600","article-title":"Goods and Bads of the Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target: Lessons Learned after 30 Years","volume":"75","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.08.003","article-title":"n\u22123 polyunsaturated N-acylethanolamines are CB2 cannabinoid receptor-preferring endocannabinoids","volume":"1863","author":"Alharthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2025.116697","article-title":"Endocannabinoids, depression, and treatment resistance: Perspectives on effective therapeutic interventions","volume":"352","author":"Rosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.12.013","article-title":"Targeting Endocannabinoid System in Epilepsy: For Good or for Bad","volume":"482","author":"Cinar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-023-03313-7","article-title":"Iron status in Swiss adolescents with paediatric major depressive disorder and healthy controls: A matched case\u2013control study","volume":"63","author":"Osuna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1289","article-title":"Comprehensive profiling of the human circulating endocannabinoid metabolome: Clinical sampling and sample storage parameters","volume":"46","author":"Wood","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. CCLM"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8559-8","article-title":"Quantitative profiling of endocannabinoids in lipoproteins by LC\u2013MS\/MS","volume":"407","author":"Bilgin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2019.106351","article-title":"The role of n-3 PUFA-derived fatty acid derivatives and their oxygenated metabolites in the modulation of inflammation","volume":"144","author":"Witkamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6034","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610325114","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory \u03c9-3 endocannabinoid epoxides","volume":"114","author":"McDougle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.109.001081","article-title":"Oxidation of the endogenous cannabinoid arachidonoyl ethanolamide by the cytochrome p450 monooxygenases: Physiological and pharmacological implications","volume":"62","author":"Snider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.05.017","article-title":"The Effect of Increasing Concentrations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from either Flaxseed Oil or Preformed Docosahexaenoic Acid on Fatty Acid Composition, Plasma Oxylipin, and Immune Response of Laying Hens","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9177","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01462A","article-title":"Effect of dietary EPA and DHA on murine blood and liver fatty acid profile and liver oxylipin pattern depending on high and low dietary n6-PUFA","volume":"11","author":"Kutzner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2013.12.008","article-title":"Modulation of blood oxylipin levels by long-chain omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in hyper- and normolipidemic men","volume":"90","author":"Schuchardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2017.06.007","article-title":"Effect of DHA supplementation on oxylipin levels in plasma and immune cell stimulated blood","volume":"121","author":"Schuchardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostaglandin, Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018810375656","article-title":"Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids: Novel regulators of macrophage differentiation and atherogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Vangaveti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.287","article-title":"The exposure-dependent increases in 8-iso-PGF2\u03b1 and the significance of decoding its sources to identify a specific indicator of oxidative stress or inflammation","volume":"128","author":"Kadiiska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-1746(83)90048-3","article-title":"Elevated levels of prostaglandin e2 and thromboxane B2 in depression","volume":"10","author":"Lieb","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(88)90283-1","article-title":"Increased level of salivary prostaglandins in patients with major depression","volume":"23","author":"Ohishi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx044","article-title":"Decreased Prostaglandin D2 Levels in Major Depressive Disorder Are Associated with Depression-Like Behaviors","volume":"20","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2008.05.004","article-title":"Platelet Storage Lesion: A New Understanding from a Proteomic Perspective","volume":"22","author":"Thon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/280\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:18:24Z","timestamp":1768551504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/18\/2\/280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu18020280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu18020280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]}}}