{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T21:32:31Z","timestamp":1768599151977,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001130","name":"The Gerber Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond Division of Neonatal Medicine JACKS Summer Scholars FUND"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Greater than 50% of surviving very preterm infants are affected by postnatal growth failure and are at high risk of associated development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Given the influence of enteral feeding on growth failure, we aimed to determine the impact of type, volume, and time of introduction of enteral feeds on mitigating the risk of postnatal growth failure and BPD risk. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of mothers\u2019 own milk (MOM), pooled pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) feeding, postnatal growth, and BPD severity in preterm infants &lt;33 weeks of gestation admitted to the Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at VCU neonatal intensive care unit between 2021 and 2024. Statistical analysis included linear regression with moderation analysis using the Hayes Process model, chi-square tests, linear and multinomial logistic regression, with p-value &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Results: After controlling for the percentage of MOM received at 34 weeks corrected gestational age (cGA), greater severity of BPD was associated with lower infant weight and growth failure, p &lt; 0.001. Early introduction of MOM (3 days of life) and greater volume of MOM showed better linear growth and decreased risk of severe BPD, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Provision of MOM to preterm infants within 3 days of life was associated with a moderation of the relationship between gestational age and growth velocity, with improved growth velocity trajectory. Preterm infants who received a greater volume of MOM through 34 weeks cGA experienced less severe BPD compared to those fed higher volumes of PDHM. As the incidence of growth failure paralleled the incidence of BPD severity, identification of key MOM components becomes important to address and augment the value of PDHM in the management of preterm infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T09:28:12Z","timestamp":1768555692000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Enteral Nutrition Type, Volume, and Time of Introduction on the Risk of Growth Failure and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6367-0373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen D.","family":"Hendricks-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-7695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miheret S.","family":"Yitayew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6200-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayef","family":"Chahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-7113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5507-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adeola","family":"Abdulkadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bemnet","family":"Alemayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2437-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith A.","family":"Voynow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at VCU, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.05.007","article-title":"Public Health Implications of Very Preterm Birth","volume":"45","author":"Barfield","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. 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