{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:34Z","timestamp":1787029294649,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002628","name":"Incheon National University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002628","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Estrogen deficiency following human menopause or rodent ovariectomy (OVX) induces adverse alterations in body composition and metabolic function. This study investigated the combined effects of acetic acid supplementation and voluntary exercise on metabolic health and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function using an OVX mouse model. Methods: Forty female C57BL\/6J mice (8 weeks old) were randomly assigned to 5 groups: sham (SHM), ovariectomized control (OVX), OVX with exercise (OVX-E), OVX with acetic acid (OVX-A), and OVX with both interventions (OVX-AE). Following a 1-week recovery from OVX, a 13-week intervention was initiated: 5% sodium acetate-supplemented chow and\/or voluntary wheel running. Body composition, glucose tolerance, total energy expenditure, skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, and the contents of AMPK\u03b1, PGC-1\u03b1, and carbonyl protein were assessed. Results: OVX impaired whole-body metabolism and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, specifically in the gastrocnemius muscle. While the exercise alone failed to mitigate the OVX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, the combined treatment of exercise and acetic acid supplementation significantly rescued from the OVX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Conclusions: OVX resulted in detrimental changes in whole-body metabolism, but voluntary exercise and\/or acetic acid supplementation had no rescuing effects on those parameters. In gastrocnemius muscle, acetic acid supplementation during exercise enhanced mitochondrial function in OVX mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:57:58Z","timestamp":1768921078000},"page":"332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Voluntary Exercise and Acetic Acid Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function in Ovariectomized Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ki-Woong","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5760-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoonhwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8434-0647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Jun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanall","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sport Science Institute & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6691-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byunghun","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4342-2900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Graduate School, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junho","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Graduate School, Inha 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Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-4349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moon-Hyon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Sport Science Institute & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Geun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 38541, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8297-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young-Min","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health and Kinesiology, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Sport Science Institute & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2015-0807","article-title":"Oxidative damage and the pathogenesis of menopause related disturbances and diseases","volume":"54","author":"Cervellati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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