{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:42:32Z","timestamp":1791477752626,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund","award":["23-A-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-A-31"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund","award":["26-A-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26-A-2"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund","award":["29-A-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["29-A-4"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund","award":["2020-J-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-J-4"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund","award":["2023-J-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-J-04"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP19ck0106266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19ck0106266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JP22ck0106551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP22ck0106551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["23ck0106803h"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ck0106803h"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["17K18389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17K18389"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K15488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K15488"]}]},{"name":"United States (US) National Cancer Institute-funded REMEDY Study","award":["U01 CA272977-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 CA272977-01"]}]},{"name":"US National Institute for General Medical Sciences","award":["P20GM155896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM155896"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Unhealthy lifestyles lead to chronic low-grade inflammation, increasing the risk of colorectal cancer. Few studies in East Asia have examined the association between the dietary inflammation potential and colorectal cancer incidence. Therefore, we aimed to investigate this association further in the Japanese population. Methods: This study included 38,807 men aged 45\u201374 years who participated in the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study (JPHC Study). The energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (E-DII) was derived from a food frequency questionnaire. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Differences in risk due to a combination of E-DII and lifestyle were examined using interaction term. Results: During 14 years of follow-up, 1415 colorectal cancer cases occurred. A tendency to increased colorectal cancer risk was observed with consumption of pro-inflammatory diets among Japanese men (adjusted HR [95% CI] for the highest quintile: 1.20 [0.99\u20131.46], p trend = 0.08), with a significantly increased risk of colon cancer (HR: 1.28 [1.01\u20131.63], p trend = 0.03). A possible interaction was observed with alcohol consumption (p = 0.07), which was statistically significant for proximal colon cancer (HR: 1.14 [1.05\u20131.25] in drinkers; p interaction = 0.01). No significant interactions with other lifestyle factors were found. Conclusions: Consumption of pro-inflammatory diets increases colorectal cancer risk among Japanese men; alcohol consumption further increases this risk for drinkers. These findings suggest that colorectal cancer may be prevented through dietary modification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:11:17Z","timestamp":1768993877000},"page":"338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Inflammatory Index and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Japanese Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3954-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayaka","family":"Kotemori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2138-9794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumiko","family":"Kito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3319-4131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motoki","family":"Iwasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4799-8782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taiki","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9516-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junko","family":"Ishihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1276-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manami","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-2774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Tsugane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Public Health, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-1-26 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8402, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norie","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327736","article-title":"Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: Incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN","volume":"72","author":"Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0189-8","article-title":"Global burden of colorectal cancer: Emerging trends, risk factors and prevention strategies","volume":"16","author":"Keum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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