{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T16:41:43Z","timestamp":1769186503897,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council project grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1046681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1046681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council project grants","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1120682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1120682"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1060183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1060183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1173346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1173346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1155413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1155413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1197958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1197958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Western Australian State Government in partnership with the Australian Federal Government, through Bioplatforms Australia and the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Observational studies have found inverse associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes (T2D). More robust evidence from large-scale randomized controlled trials, however, is limited or inconclusive. Methods: The D-Health Trial (N = 21,315) is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of supplementation with monthly doses of 60,000 international units of oral vitamin D3, conducted in Australians aged 60\u201384 years. Commencing treatment with anti-hypertensive, lipid-modifying, or anti-diabetic drugs was used as a surrogate for incident hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and T2D, respectively. Outcomes were ascertained via linkage with the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme database. Follow-up began 6 months after randomization; we excluded participants without linked data, and those who were prevalent cases or who died prior to start of follow-up. Flexible parametric survival models were used to estimate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on each outcome. Results: We included 10,964 participants (vitamin D, n = 5456 [49.8%]; placebo, n = 5508 [50.2%]) in the analysis of hypertension, 12,126 participants (vitamin D, n = 6038 [49.8%]; placebo, n = 6088 [50.2%]) in the analysis of hypercholesterolemia, and 17,846 (vitamin D, n = 8931 [50.0%]; placebo, n = 8915 [50.0%]) in the analysis of T2D. Over a median follow-up of 4.6 years, 2672 (24.4%), 2554 (21.1%), and 779 (4.4%) participants developed hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and T2D, respectively. Vitamin D supplementation had no material effect on the incidence of any of hypertension (HR 1.00; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.08), hypercholesterolemia (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.97 to 1.13), or T2D (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.84 to 1.12). Conclusions: Monthly supplements of vitamin D did not alter the incidence of any of the three conditions in older, largely vitamin D-replete Australians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18020357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T14:58:40Z","timestamp":1769180320000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Older Australian Adults\u2014Results from the Randomized Controlled D-Health Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7342-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Briony L.","family":"Duarte Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce K.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7828-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dallas R.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3053, Australia"},{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne 3002, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2921-3742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter R.","family":"Ebeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5454-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunter","family":"Hartel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Griffith Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4215, Australia"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Kimlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Bond University, Gold Coast 4226, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9830-8462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renhua","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald S. A.","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-368X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanya","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolieke C.","family":"van der Pols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4059, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Venn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0733-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope M.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2563-9559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Whiteman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Neale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3313-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Waterhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","article-title":"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, June 09). 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